UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ___________

Commission File Number: 001-39761

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

One Marina Park Drive, Suite 1410, Boston, MA 02210

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(888) 657-2377

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 28, 2024 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $34.6 million. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors, or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant.

The number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock as of March 11, 2025 was 105,730,826.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including without limitation, the following sections: Item 1 “Business,” Item 1A “Risk Factors,” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” “Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in particular, the risks discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions, and projections about future events may and often do vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. A summary of some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is provided below under “Risk Factor Summary.” These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, investments, or other strategic transactions we may make. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.

Risk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of these principal risks include the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements  

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to our Financial Results

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Risks Related to the Notes

Item 1. Business.

This business description should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”), which are incorporated herein by this reference.

The use of the words “we,” “our,” the “Company” and “Ondas Holdings” in this Form 10-K refer to Ondas Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Corporate Overview

Ondas Holdings Inc. is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc., a Texas corporation (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Systems Inc., a Nevada corporation (“OAS”), which wholly-owns Airobotics, Ltd., an Israeli company (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“American Robotics”).

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions. OAS provides drone and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Airobotics and American Robotics. Ondas Networks and OAS together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and OAS as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 12 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drone operations, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we continue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. By upgrading their legacy systems, customers benefit from significant increases in data throughput which enables new applications. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing dated narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. The freight rail operators through the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), its advisory subsidiary MxV Rail, as well as the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance Association (“AREMA”), have adopted the IEEE 802.16 standard for future private wireless networks.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide security, more reliability and significant data throughput for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth.

OAS

Our OAS business unit develops and integrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial enterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions to address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Raider™ , a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones.

Our unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in defense, homeland security, public safety, smart city, airport authorities, and other governmental entities together with commercial operators of critical industrial and technology facilities such as oil & gas, seaports, mining, and heavy construction as well as for data centers and semiconductor fabs. For these industries, OAS provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and aerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.

Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.

OAS and its portfolio companies have already gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes including the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the US market and worldwide, we believe that OAS is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.

Industry Partnerships

Ondas Networks continues to develop partnerships in the rail space to develop and market wireless communications products and services based on Ondas Networks’ technology. Our partnership with Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”) is geared to market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop certain wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform. We are working with other industry partners to commercialize our platform technologies for specific use cases and to drive broad industry adoption of dot16 applications.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a global leader in providing turnkey data solutions for industrial, public safety and government markets by offering i) secure wireless connectivity solutions enabling high-bandwidth, mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services through Ondas Networks and ii) aerial security and data collection and analysis via automated drone platforms through OAS.

The key elements of our growth strategy include the following:

Our Business Model

Ondas Networks

We sell our FullMAX MC-IoT wireless products and services globally through a direct sales force and value-added sales partners to industrial and critical infrastructure providers including major rail operators, with growth opportunities in other markets such as commercial and industrial drone operators, electric and gas utilities, water and wastewater utilities, oil and gas producers and pipeline operators, and for other critical infrastructure applications in areas such as public safety, homeland security and defense, and transportation. We continue to develop our value-added reseller relationships for the development of new types of wireless connectivity for the North American Rail market as well as selected global markets in both Europe and Asia.

In executing our go-to-market strategy, we intend to monetize our software-based intellectual property and grow revenue and cash flow with embedded FullMAX software sales, Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) arrangements, IP royalties based on Ondas Networks software and through additional services provided to customers and ecosystem partners. Customers deploy our connectivity and Fog-computing platform in private networks that are designed for lifetimes of 10 – 15 years or even longer. Our FullMAX platform is software-defined and offers customers flexibility to expand capacity and evolve network utilization. Similarly, our ecosystem partners often integrate our FullMAX software and wireless capability into their own long-lived equipment and systems which their customers purchase and deploy. As such, we believe our software solutions provide ongoing revenue opportunities related to both connectivity value and edge computing capability. Customers and ecosystem partners will require ongoing FullMAX system and security enhancements and for us to design additional features which create opportunities for additional, recurring revenue and profit streams. Our monetization strategies include:

Systems sales: Our FullMAX deployments are typically large, mission-critical wide-area networks deployed and privately operated by our industrial and government customers. These end-to-end system deployments involve sales consisting of both base stations and edge radio end points with embedded FullMAX software and network management software and tools.

Software and hardware maintenance agreements: Our customers contract with us for extended software and hardware maintenance which provide them with critical ongoing support for their installed network. These contracts provide revenue to us in the year following an initial installation. Software maintenance licenses entitle the customer to ongoing software and security upgrades as well as enabling the provision of additional system features. Similarly, hardware maintenance programs provide customers with extended equipment warranty terms for an installed network.

These arrangements allow our customers to continue to maintain a modern, flexible and upgradeable network over a long period of time. These agreements may extend for multiple years given the long average life of the installed and growing network.

Licensing / Royalties: In certain system deployments, our ecosystem partners may choose to embed FullMAX software into their own hardware and software platforms providing us with an ongoing per device multi-year revenue stream. Licensing is an effective way for an ecosystem partner to jumpstart customer activity. Alternatively, a partner may choose to develop software based on our intellectual property generating royalty revenue.

Other Services: We provide ancillary services directly related to the sale of our wireless communications products which include wireless network design, systems engineering, radio frequency planning, software configuration, product training, installation, and onsite support. Furthermore, we also provide engineering and product development services to ecosystem partners who are interested in integrating their intelligent equipment with our FullMAX SDR platform and need our expertise to do so.

OAS

OAS markets aerial solutions based on its Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ platforms via direct sales to enterprises and government customers. Additionally, OAS utilizes channel marketing strategies, building a network of partners and agents to distribute our solutions. We focus on identifying and qualifying large, sophisticated customers with active drone programs who have the ability and intent to expand those programs and eventually deploy fleets of automated drones across their portfolio of assets. Our unique value proposition is based on our core strategic capability to provide holistic solutions, being a trusted one-stop-shop for major entities, and de-risking innovative complex drone implementation processes.

After initial customer qualification, contracting and the receipt of a purchase order, we ship and install our platforms and solutions on the customer premises. Via American Robotics and Airobotics staff, we are planning our customers deployments providing complete support for all stages of implementation. Our field service personnel remain on location for a short period of time to ensure the programmed automated drone operations are meeting customer and regulatory requirements and implemented successfully on-prem, on-time and on-budget.

We offer our solutions in several business models designated to allow the required flexibility and benefits for our customers and creating recurring revenues and organic growth within our accounts:

Our Products and Services

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks has developed a next-generation radio platform specifically to meet the evolving data needs of large industrial and government customers and markets. These markets are differentiated from consumer markets in that the customers assets are dispersed over very wide and remote geographies with specific challenges to installation, maintenance, and upgrades. These challenges led us to design a new type of software-based radio platform capable of supporting a long useful life to the network hardware. Our software defined radio (“SDR”) architecture allows us to customize almost any aspect of the air interface protocol, the key components of which are patented and have been incorporated into new IEEE wireless standards. The ability to constantly improve customer networks and hosted software applications with flexible, over-the-air software upgrade helps create customer loyalty.

Our FullMAX SDR platform is designed to enable highly secure and reliable industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. An end-to-end FullMAX network consists of connected wireless base stations, fixed and mobile edge radios and supporting technology all enabled by critical software developed and owned by Ondas Networks. The Fog-computing capability integrated in our end-to-end FullMAX SDR platform, primarily through docker container technology, is valued by our customers and ecosystem partners as they seek to leverage the value of MC-IoT applications for improved safety, efficiency, and profitability. Our IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment is designed to optimize the performance of unused or underutilized VHF / UHF low frequencies licensed radio spectrum and narrower channels. We do this through various patented software algorithms including via “spectrum harvesting” techniques which aggregate narrowband channels to create increased broadband network capacity. Our channel aggregation algorithms include the ability to aggregate hard to utilize, non-contiguous narrowband channels and are a hallmark feature of a FullMAX broadband system.

OAS

We provide our customers with turnkey data and security aerial solutions designed to meet their unique requirements in complex environments. Our solutions combine our platforms the Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ together with a wide suite of supplementary services to insure successful deployment and integration of the solution on-prem.

The Optimus System™

The Optimus System™ is a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose drone operations for various applications. As one of the world’s first “drone-in-a-box” solutions, the Optimus System™ is marketed as an “Aerial Drone Infrastructure”, designed for aerial data collection and analysis in security, surveillance, and supervision applications across governmental and commercial markets. The Optimus System™ provides a cutting-edge solution for public safety, security, industrial Smart City initiatives, and other critical operations. The platform enables routine, high-resolution, on-demand aerial response alongside automated aerial mapping, surveying, and inspection capabilities—essential in the digital transformation and Gov-Tech sectors, including Public Services, Oil & Gas, Infrastructure, Heavy Construction, Rail, Ports, and more.

The Optimus System™, in combination with the Kestrel™ system, enhances autonomous operations with advanced Detect and Avoid (DAA) capabilities, airspace safety and surveillance, and Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) solutions. The integration of Kestrel™ enables the Optimus System™ to operate Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS), as demonstrated through an FAA-approved BVLOS waiver. This critical capability allows for autonomous, long-range operations across multiple mission sets, expanding the system’s deployment potential in complex airspace environments.

The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized, weatherproof base station enabling housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API that enables remote interaction with the system, data, and analytics from anywhere in the world. These subsystems are interconnected through a suite of supporting technologies. The Airbase™ features internal robotic mechanisms that facilitate automated battery and payload swaps. This allows for 24/7 operations, as the Optimus™ drone can be immediately redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the autonomous swapping of sensors and payloads without human intervention allows the Optimus System™ to support multiple applications and use cases from a single deployment.

We design, develop, and manufacture the Optimus System™, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial security and data collection to enterprise and government customers. Our turnkey aerial intelligence solution enables continuous asset digitization, real-time monitoring, and data-driven decision-making for mission-critical operations. Designed from the ground up as an end-to-end autonomous solution, the Optimus System™ operates seamlessly in real-world environments. Leveraging advancements in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI, deployed Optimus™ units form an interconnected drone infrastructure, enabling autonomous, unattended security and data collection with unmatched reliability and operational efficiency.

The Iron Drone Raider™ System

In March 2023, Airobotics acquired the assets of Iron Drone Ltd, an Israeli counter-drone company, and fully integrated its team and technology into the Company.

We offer The Iron Drone Raider™ system, which is a state-of-the-art counter-drone solution designed to counter small drones as they are a growing threat in many defense, homeland security, and public safety aspects. As a cutting-edge technology, it is specifically marketed to military, government, and enterprise customers, offering robust defense and security for critical infrastructure, valuable assets, and human lives.

The Iron Drone Raider™ is comprised of a docking station and intercepting drones and can be integrated into any mobile drone detection system. The heart of the Raider™ lies in its level of autonomy, allowing it to fly without GPS, day, or night, and safely neutralize small suspicious drones with minimal collateral damage, lowering them to the ground with a designated parachute. The system uses AI technologies and onboard cameras and computers to enable it to detect and intercept unauthorized or hostile drones effectively, capable of addressing multiple hostile drone targets simultaneously. It can seamlessly integrate with various existing drone detection systems, making it adaptable and versatile for different operational contexts.

During 2024 we upgraded the Iron Drone Raider™ system to address the needs of the Israel and global defense industries market and end users, which included enhancements of the on-board sensor capabilities for intelligent navigation in complex GNSS-denied areas, which support the most advanced requirements and the efforts of protecting military and civil operations against the threat of small kamikaze and surveillance hostile drones.

OAS Services

OAS provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and analytics together with aerial protection services based on its systems. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary enabling services for successful implementation and customization such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations. This unique combination makes our enterprise a one-stop-shop of visionary drone installations.

Certification and Aviation Regulatory Services. American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Our regulatory team has been working closely with Civil Aviation Authorities worldwide since 2016 to explore new and innovative approaches for approving complex automated BVLOS flights over people. Our regulatory strategy has consistently proven successful, leading to numerous pioneering regulatory accomplishments worldwide, cementing our position as a leader in the global drone industry. Our team of experts actively participates in rule-making advisory committees, drone associations, and maintains direct communication with regulators in each country we operate in. We are committed to staying ahead of the curve in terms of drone regulations and compliance. Working with us allows customers to certify and coordinate complicated drone operations with regulators worldwide.

Training, Maintenance and Remote Operations. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in drone operations worldwide. This includes training, maintenance and remote operations services. Our operational teams are highly qualified in all of the drone operation roles, including drone piloting, training, and maintenance. As an aerospace developer, manufacturer, and operator our operational capabilities enable our customers to overcome many operational challenges and reach operational readiness fast.

Implementation and customization. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in implementation and customization of our solutions to our customers. We offer support and engineering services to our customers in order to successfully integrate our aerial platforms with the highest levels of both automation and data security, quickly and efficiently.

The Market for Our Products and Services

Ondas Networks

We have targeted the North American rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. In addition to data capacity challenges, rail operators need to reliably cover the vast and often remotely located rail track and related infrastructure which extends nationwide. The rail operators require a next-generation, robust system with significantly increased data throughput capacity and flexibility to adopt new applications. We believe a transition to integrated Fog-computing wireless communications systems will enable the rail operators to drive more intelligence to the edge of their operating environments enabling real time automation and better operator control of many critical operating systems related to train control, crossing safety, train and track integrity and drone operations. Network upgrades will support enhanced safety, improved efficiency, and increased profitability of train operations.

The North American Rail Network is vast in scale, consisting of 140,000 miles of track, 25,000 locomotives, and 1.6 million railcars. Within this large footprint there are 200,000 highway crossings, with at least 65,000 of the crossings equipped with electronic systems today, a number which is expected to increase in the coming years. Applications that improve grade crossing safety are enabled by our FullMax platform. The Class I railroads currently operate four separate private wireless networks in support of train operations. Those networks are deployed using spectrum in the 160 MHz, 220 MHz, 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. We believe a significant portion of the communications infrastructure has been in operation for more than 20 years and now requires a technological upgrade to support new applications and increased capacity requirements. Our FullMAX MC-IoT platform offers an excellent migration path for these applications. The Class I Railroads value the ability of our frequency agnostic SDR architecture to enable a substantial data capacity increase utilizing the railroad’s existing wireless infrastructure and dedicated FCC licensed radio frequencies, as well as the flexibility to adapt to and take advantage of future changes in spectrum availability, as well as future business and operational requirements. Based upon management estimates, we believe the addressable market for the four private North American Railroad networks is approximately $1.3 billion.

OAS

The total addressable market (“TAM”) of OAS is measured at over $100 billion in size according to management estimates and independent third-party research. The TAM comprises the potential value of Ondas’ Optimus System in the global defense and civil UAV market and in the drone services market and the addressable market of the Iron-Drone Raider system in the Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) markets.

Ondas competes in the large drone markets which was valued by a study by Grand View Research at $83.7 billion in 2025 and forecasted to grow further at a compound annual growth rate of 14% reaching $160.6 billion by 2030. In addition, Ondas provides drone services including drone data and data analytics based on multiple various sensors, in addition to maintenance, repair and operational service. According to Fortune Business Insights, drone market services is valued at $32.1 billion in 2025 and projected to grow to $213.9 billion by 2032. In the US, the FAA anticipates that the growth rate in the commercial drone sector will remain high over the next few years. This is primarily driven by the regulatory clarity that Part 107 rules continues to provide to industry. This is further supported by the Operations Over People final rule, published on December 28, 2020, which is the latest incremental step towards further integration of small drones into the national airspace. Ondas has secured a key position within this market, holding the first FAA Airworthiness Type Certificate, allowing it to apply to fly its drones in complex populated environments.

In addition to the Optimus System and its related drone services, Ondas also competes in the C-UAS market providing the Iron-Drone Raider system for counter drone kinetic interception. The growing C-UAS technology market has been valued at $3.1 billion in a recent study published by Grand View Research in 2025 and is forecasted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 27.2% to $10.6 billion by 2030. We believe these studies underestimate the potential market size, because they don’t fully consider the potential effect of security vulnerabilities on the value of the activities the C-UAS equipment protects and enables, in sensitive locations such as major sporting events, and the protection of industrial assets such as in the energy and utility sectors. Notably, although the North American C-UAS marketplace is the largest by revenue, twelve other regions of the world are also active in C-UAS. High-profile events in other countries involving UAS such as the war in Ukraine and Israel. Recent research and reports from 2024 onwards highlight a significant increase in unauthorized drone activities near airports, raising concerns about aviation safety and security. According to the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) over 100 reports of drone sightings were received, near airports each month. Between November 2014 and December 2024, there were 18,891 reported drone sightings, averaging nearly 155 per month. In the first four months of 2024 alone, the FAA recorded 326 drone-related incidents near aircraft and airports, underscoring the escalating security risks.

Customer Activity

Ondas Networks

The majority of Ondas Networks customer activity has been with railroad operators and partners, including Siemens, in North America. North American railroad operators run multiple, frequency-specific networks for different applications. Our FullMAX platform has the flexibility to operate in all these frequency bands and will allow these customers the opportunity to better utilize their existing radio spectrum, avoid expensive additional spectrum purchases, and add more high-value, data-intensive applications to their operations. Our initial focus with these rail customers has been for train control applications and related safety systems in the 900 MHz frequency band where the FCC has recently awarded our railroad customers new radio spectrum.

We have worked extensively with MxV Rail, a subsidiary of the AAR, to validate the performance of our dot16 platform. In March 2023, the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026.

We are currently engaged in field installation activities with multiple railroads. We expect a 900 MHz network upgrade cycle across all Class I railroad systems over the next few years in order to comply with FCC license requirements and meet business needs related to safety and profitability. We are also engaged in supplying rail operators in the important Northeast Corridor with key communications equipment upgrades.

We have also engaged the AAR and the WCC on the technical roadmap for the legacy 160 MHz wireless network used by the railroads in North America. We believe the 160 MHz network will be the next major wireless network the railroads upgrade utilizing IEEE 802.16t technology.

As of December 31, 2024, Ondas Networks was active with six of the Class 1 Rails in North America and with one of the largest railroads in the world, Indian Railways, for a multi-year delivery program of locomotive radios for on-board telemetry applications.

OAS

Our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ continue to gain strong traction across enterprise, industrial, and government markets. The platform has been extensively tested internally and externally, with customers validating its reliability, safety, and performance in real-world deployments.

In the United Arab Emirates, Airobotics expanded its collaboration with a local governmental entity in Dubai, deploying additional Optimus Systems as part of the world’s first drone network infrastructure for public safety and municipal services. A renewed and expanded services agreement ensures continued operational support and maintenance, allowing the fleet to conduct thousands of autonomous flights each month in densely populated areas.

In Israel, Airobotics received a purchase order from one of the world’s largest semiconductor manufacturers to extend the deployment of our Optimus System™ for aerial security and data services at a critical semiconductor fabrication facility. The system, in continuous operation since 2016, remains one of the few fully automated aerial data capture solutions functioning within a high-security industrial environment while seamlessly complying with national airspace regulations.

The Iron Drone Raider™ counter-UAS platform saw increased demand, securing an initial purchase order in May 2024 from a major Israeli defense company for the first Raider™ systems. The first deployment phase is underway, with follow-on orders expected in the second and third quarters, as the system undergoes operational validation in defense environments.

In July 2024, we received an initial purchase order from a major government military customer for the Iron Drone Raider™, supporting border security and protection of critical assets from hostile drones. This was followed by an expansion order in August, which included enhanced system features and long-term operational support. As a structured, multi-stage deal, additional orders are expected based on performance in combat conditions. In September 2024, Airobotics secured a $5.4 million purchase order for the Optimus System™ from a major government military customer, with deployments planned for military bases and border security applications under extreme environmental conditions. This order further demonstrates the system’s versatility in high-security defense and infrastructure monitoring operations.

In Europe, we expanded our market reach through strategic reseller partnerships with HHLA Sky and C-Astral Aerospace, enabling us to offer drone services for terminal operations and critical infrastructure in Germany, Slovenia, and other European markets. With multiple demonstrations planned for defense and critical infrastructure clients, we anticipate securing new customer orders in 2025.

American Robotics continued its expansion in the U.S. market, securing a contract with the U.S. Coast Guard for maritime emissions monitoring in support of EPA Clean Port initiatives at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. This marks our first operational contract with a federal agency, opening doors for expanded drone services in maritime security and environmental monitoring.

In the third quarter, Airobotics secured $9 million in purchase orders from a major government military customer for Iron Drone Raider™ system deployments, upgrades, and full-scale operational rollouts to protect national borders, military units, and high-security facilities.

Airobotics was also awarded a $1 million grant from the Israeli Innovation Authority (IIA) in November to accelerate development and enhance the Iron Drone Raider™ with advanced autonomous counter-drone capabilities. In addition to completing the U.S. Coast Guard contract discussed above, American Robotics expanded its market presence by securing key demonstrations with a technology infrastructure provider in Texas. These engagements highlight the Optimus System™’s ability to perform fully autonomous beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) missions for infrastructure and security monitoring.

As we closed 2024, Airobotics secured another purchase order for the Iron Drone Raider™ from a major defense company, reinforcing our strong position in the counter-drone security market.

With record-breaking purchase orders, an expanding global footprint, and continued market momentum, the demand for our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ continues to accelerate. As awareness and adoption of autonomous drone solutions grow, we anticipate further expansion in our customer pipeline across the U.S., Middle East, and Europe, strengthening our leadership in autonomous aerial security and infrastructure monitoring.

Manufacturing, Availability and Dependence upon Suppliers

Ondas Networks and OAS utilize outsourced manufacturing partners in the building of product to fulfill customer orders. Utilizing contract manufacturers allows us to focus on designing, developing and selling our products. Furthermore, outsourced manufacturing allows us to leverage the economies of scale and expertise of specialized outsourced manufacturers, reduce manufacturing and supply chain risk and distribution costs.

Ondas Networks designs the printed circuit boards and enclosures for our radios. The physical manufacturing of FullMAX circuit boards is outsourced to best-in-class industrial contract manufacturers. The contract manufacturer is responsible for sourcing the majority of components, assembling the components onto the printed circuit boards and then delivering the final boards to us. Once at our facility, the boards are tested, then placed into enclosures and programmed with the appropriate software. The radios are then configured according to the requirement of the network and run through system level tests before being packaged and shipped to the customer. Ondas Networks maintains multiple contract manufacturers, both domestically and internationally, to ensure competitive pricing and to reduce the risk from a single manufacturer.

OAS designs the Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ and specifies all components including the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture the end product. These assemblies incorporate a combination of custom-developed components and COTS components. The building of an Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ is outsourced to best-in-class contract manufacturers for fabrication and assembly. We utilize different contract manufacturers for the Optimus™ drone, the Iron Drone™, and Airbase™. Once complete, the contract manufacturers deliver the finished products to our facility where software is loaded, and system-level quality assurance is performed before being packaged and shipped to the customer location for installation. OAS works with a select group of contract manufacturers and has access to a large number of other comparable contract manufacturers. 

Research & Development

Our ability to develop state-of-the-art and cost-effective solutions relative to our competitors can only be achieved through our continued research and development efforts.

Ondas Networks research and development activities are headed by Menashe Shahar, our Chief Technology Officer, based in our Sunnyvale, California headquarters. Mr. Shahar is a co-founder of Ondas Networks and has over 30 years of telecommunications system development experience, including the design and implementation of broadband wireless data systems for top tier system integrators and service providers including WorldCom, Nortel and ADC. Mr. Shahar has been awarded multiple patents in the data communications industry and has been an active participant in major wireless standardization activities including IEEE 802.16. In addition to internal research and development efforts, we also engage third party consultants to assist us in our research and development activities. Mr. Shahar and his team are currently focused on expanding the applications of our FullMAX technology in all spectrum bands used by rail operators in North America.

OAS research and development activities are headed by Meir Kliner, President of OAS and CEO and Founder of Airobotics who is based in Petah Tikva, Israel. Mr. Kliner has led the development of the Optimus System™ since 2014 and has expertise that represents a synthesis of years of managerial experience combined with command of drone product design. Mr. Kliner’s background includes key roles in developing diverse aerial systems, ranging from recreational to military applications and has founded several businesses, including Light and Strong, a premier manufacturer of composites for aerial platforms in the drone industry. Mr. Kliner is supported by a development team based in Petah Tikva, Israel.

Our research and development team works closely with our customer support team and incorporates feedback from our customers into our product development plans to improve our products and address emerging market requirements.

Our research and development expenses were approximately $12.5 million and approximately $17.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of eight issued patents in the U.S., six international issued patents, seven pending patent applications in the U.S., and five international pending patent applications. The Ondas Networks segment’s patents expire between 2029 and 2044, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property centers around creating and maintaining robust, private, highly secure, broadband industrial wireless networks using our FullMAX radio technology for our mission critical customers’ networks. We view the Ondas Networks segment’s patents as a key strategic advantage as the markets for industrial wireless connectivity grows and as these industries move to standardized solutions and will enable us to earn licensing fees and/or royalties for the use of our patents.

The OAS segment relies primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the OAS segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., 22 international issued patents, and four international pending patent application. The OAS segment’s patents expire between 2034 and 2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. The OAS segment’s intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have a policy of requiring our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and parties with which we do business to enter into confidentiality, non-disclosure (“NDAs”) and assignment of invention agreements before disclosure of any of our confidential or proprietary information.

Seasonality

We do not believe that the industry in which Ondas Networks and OAS competes is subject to seasonal sales fluctuation.

Dependence on a Small Number of Customers

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers accounted for approximately $3,763,000, $1,902,000, and $745,000 of our revenue or approximately 52%, 26%, and 10%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted for approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively.

Competition

Ondas Networks

We compete with alternatives to wireless technology, public cellular data networks and private wireless networking products from other manufacturers. We believe that each of these competing solutions has core weaknesses when compared to FullMAX, as described below.

Public cellular data networks:

Other private wireless products:

Alternate technologies:

OAS

We compete with other drone OEMs providing a variety of solutions for inspection, security, asset tracking and other applications. We compete on many dimensions with system performance being differentiated by the level of autonomous operation, ease of use, reliability, safety, and government regulations. Further, leading automated data solution providers must provide diverse payload capabilities for data collection, along with robust, advanced analytics programs that are specific for each industry served.

Governmental Regulations   

Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations including: (i) authorization from the FCC and other global communications regulators for operation in various licensed frequency bands; (ii) FAA and other global Civil Aviation Authority regulations and approvals unique to the operation of commercial or industrial drones; (iii) customers’ licenses from the FCC; (iv) licensing, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to contractors, electricians and engineers; (v) regulations relating to worker safety and environmental protection; (vi) permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects; (vii) wage and hour regulations; (viii) regulations relating to transportation of equipment and materials, including licensing and permitting requirements; (ix) building and electrical codes; and (x) special bidding, procurement and other requirements on government projects. 

We believe we have the licenses materially required to conduct our operations, and we are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. The operation of our manufactured products by our customers (network providers and service providers) in the U.S. or in foreign jurisdictions in a manner not in compliance with local law could result in fines, business disruption, or harm to our reputation. The changes to regulatory and technological requirements may also alter our product offerings, impacting our market share and business. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses or could give rise to termination or cancellation rights under our contracts or disqualify us from future bidding opportunities.

Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market).   

Environmental Regulation

Our operations are subject to extensive, and frequently changing, federal, state and local environmental laws and substantial related regulation by government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the operation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; protect the health and safety of workers; and require us to obtain and maintain licenses and permits in connection with our operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks on us. Notwithstanding these burdens, we believe that we are in material compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing our operations.

There has been no material adverse effect to our Consolidated Financial Statements nor competitive positions as a result of these environmental regulations.

Employees

As of March 12, 2025, we have 124 employees, including 113 full-time employees, of which 27 full-time employees and two part-time employees are in the Ondas Networks segment and 86 full-time employees and nine part-time employees are in the OAS segment. In addition, we have consulting agreements with 12 consultants for manufacturing, supply chain, documentation, engineering, regulatory, IT, and business development support. Additionally, from time to time, we may hire temporary employees. We also utilize contractors to manufacture components, for certain research and development and for system deployment functions. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we are unaware of any union organizing efforts. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Corporate Information

Ondas Holdings Inc. was originally incorporated in Nevada on December 22, 2014, under the name Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we acquired Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, changed our name to Ondas Holdings Inc., and discontinued the prior business of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On August 5, 2021, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware corporation. On January 23, 2023, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli corporation. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisitions of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Airobotics Ltd. acquisition.

On February 14, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Systems, a new business unit to manage the combined drone operations of American Robotics and Airobotics. On December 6, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc., a Nevada corporation, as an intermediate holding company which now wholly-owns American Robotics and Airobotics. On August 8, 2024, the Company filed a certificate of amendment with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada, amending Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc.’s name to Ondas Autonomous Systems Inc (“OAS”).

On August 7, 2024, the Company formed Ondas Networks Texas Inc., a Texas corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Texas Networks”). Pursuant to a certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 19, 2024, Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, merged with and into Texas Networks (the “Merger”) with Texas Networks being the surviving entity resulting from the Merger and shall continuing to exist and being governed by the laws of the State of Texas under the corporate name “Ondas Networks Inc.” (“Ondas Networks”).

As a result of the above, Ondas Networks, OAS, American Robotics and Airobotics became our subsidiaries.

Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts. Ondas Networks has offices and facilities in Sunnyvale, California, American Robotics’ offices and facilities are located in Sparks, Maryland, and Airobotics’ offices and facilities are located in Petah Tikva, Israel.

Available Information 

Our Internet website is www.ondas.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are available, free of charge, under the Investors tab of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website located at www.sec.gov that contains the information we file or furnish electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as general economic and business risks, and all of the other information contained in this Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, which would cause you to lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K including our financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $236 million and $198 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities and debt financing.

We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly as we pursue our growth strategy, including expending substantial resources for research, development and marketing. The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain, and we expect to continue incurring significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Any additional operating losses may have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and the price of our common stock, and we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to achieve profitability.

Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase such profitability. Additionally, our costs may increase in future periods and we may expend substantial financial and other resources on, among things, sales and marketing, the hiring of additional officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, and general administration, which may include a significant increase in legal and accounting expenses related to public company compliance, continued compliance and various regulations applicable to our business or arising from the growth and maturity of our company. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our development efforts, obtain regulatory approvals, diversify our product and service offerings or continue our operations, and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The adoption of the IEEE 802.16t wireless broadband standard, an evolution of the IEEE 802.16s standard published in 2017, by customers in our target critical infrastructure sectors is uncertain.

Ondas Networks is currently developing technology compatible with the proposed wireless broadband standard known as IEEE 802.16t, which is an evolution of the EEE 802.16s wireless broadband standard published in October 2017. We believe we are currently the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16s compliant wireless solutions and are likely to be the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16t compliant wireless solutions when that standard is formally ratified. The benefits of the standard to buyers of our equipment are greater when there exists a large, deep market in terms of the number of customers. A large market benefits from the scale provided such that many vendors can compete on service, price and quality of solution driving improved value for customers. If a large end market does not develop and customers do not see the related benefits from the standard, we may not be able to grow our business. 

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic partnerships with third parties such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers, as well as on our ability to establish a broad range of additional ecosystem partner and customer relationships with leading global industrial vendors.

In order to grow our business, we depend on partnerships with market leading technology and industrial companies such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers of Ondas Networks, in order to accelerate the adoption of our wireless technology. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining our partnership and customer relationships with third parties, including Siemens Mobility, or if our partnerships do not provide us the anticipated benefits, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. In addition, adoption of our FullMAX wireless platform, Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ requires us to establish additional ecosystem relationships with leading global industrial vendors and customers. Even if we are successful in executing these partnerships and integrating with additional ecosystem vendors, we cannot assure you that these partnerships and relationships will result in increased adoption of our technology or increased revenue.

If the commercial UAS markets do not experience significant growth, if we cannot expand our customer base or if our products and services do not achieve broad acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth.

We cannot accurately predict the future growth rates or sizes of the markets for our products and services. Demand for our products and services may not increase, or may decrease, either generally or in specific markets, for particular types of products and services or during particular time periods. We believe the market for commercial UAS is nascent and the expansion of the market for our products and services in particular, depends on a number of factors, including the following:

Even if commercial UAS gain wide market acceptance, our products and services may not adequately address market requirements and may not continue to gain market acceptance. If these types of systems generally, or our products and services specifically, do not gain wide market acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth and our revenue and results of operations would decline.

Negative customer perception regarding the commercial UAS industry or the Company’s automated data solutions could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

The Company believes the commercial UAS industry is highly dependent upon customer perception regarding the safety, efficacy, and quality of the commercial UAS system deployed. Customer perception of these products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, and other publicity. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention, or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the UAS market. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. The dependence upon customer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, the demand for the Company’s products, and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

Failure to manage our planned growth could place a significant strain on our resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan requires an effective plan for managing our future growth. We plan to increase the scope of our operations. Current and future expansion efforts will be expensive and may significantly strain our managerial and other resources and ability to manage working capital. To manage future growth effectively, we must manage expanded operations, integrate new personnel and maintain and enhance our financial and accounting systems and controls. If we do not manage growth properly, it could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations and make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations.

We may be unsuccessful in achieving our organic growth strategies, which could limit our revenue growth or financial performance. Our ability to generate organic growth will be affected by our ability to, among other things:

Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate organic growth may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies for achieving internal growth will be attempted, realized or successful.

If we fail to retain our existing customers or do not acquire new customers in a cost-effective manner, our revenue may decrease and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that our success is dependent on our ability to continue identifying and anticipating the needs of our customers, to retain our existing customers and to add new customers. For example, our business plan is designed to penetrate large, critical infrastructure end markets with our wireless and UAS driven data solutions and have expanded our dedicated sales resources and field personnel to broaden our marketing and field support efforts into new industries and sectors. As a result, we have significantly increased customer engagement in the transportation, security and UAS end markets with Ondas Networks and in the industrial, public safety and government markets with OAS. We expect that our qualified customer pipeline will increase in other additional strategic end markets. However, as we become larger through organic growth, the growth rates for customer engagement, project volume and average spend per customer may slow, even if we continue to add customers on an absolute basis. In addition, the costs associated with customer retention may be substantially lower than costs associated with the acquisition of new customers. Therefore, our failure to retain existing customers, even if such losses are offset by an increase in revenue resulting from the acquisition of new customers, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, while a key part of our business strategy is to add customers in our existing geographic markets, we expect to expand our operations into new geographic markets. In doing so, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter new markets successfully. Our expansion into new markets may place us in unfamiliar and competitive environments and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years or at all. 

The Company faces uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy.

Adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact the Company’s business. Future economic distress may result in a decrease in demand for the Company’s products, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase costs associated with developing and publishing products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of sources of financing, and increase the Company’s exposure to material losses from bad debts, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the financial condition and operating results of the Company. 

We have significant dependence on a small number of customers, and the loss of such customers or a decrease in business conducted with such customers could materially harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2024, three customers accounted for approximately $3,763,000, $1,902,000, and $745,000 of our revenue or approximately 52%, 26%, and 10%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. The loss of the 2024 customers or a decrease in the business conducted with such customers could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. 

 Project performance delays or difficulties, including those caused by third parties, or certain contractual obligations may result in additional costs to us, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages.

Many projects involve challenging engineering, construction or installation phases that may occur over extended time periods. We may encounter difficulties as a result of delays or changes in designs, engineering information or materials provided by our customer or a third party, delays or difficulties in equipment and material delivery, schedule changes, delays from our customer’s failure to timely obtain permits or meet other regulatory requirements including the securing of necessary FCC certifications or FAA approvals, weather-related delays and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that impact our ability to complete the project in accordance with the original delivery schedule. In addition, we contract with third-party subcontractors to assist us with the completion of contracts. Any delay or failure by suppliers or by subcontractors in the completion of their portion of the project may be beyond our control and may result in delays in the overall progress of the project or may cause us to incur additional costs, or both. Delays and additional costs may be substantial, and, in some cases, we may be required to compensate the customer for such delays. Delays may also disrupt the final completion of our contracts as well as the corresponding recognition of revenues and expenses therefrom. In certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion by a scheduled acceptance date or achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels; failure to meet any of our guarantees, schedules or performance requirements could also result in additional costs or penalties to us, including obligations to pay liquidated damages, and such amounts could exceed expected project profit. In extreme cases, the above-mentioned factors could cause project cancellations, and we may be unable to replace such projects with similar projects or at all. Such delays or cancellations may impact our reputation, brand or relationships with customers, adversely affecting our ability to secure new contracts.

We do not control certain aspects of the manufacturing process.

Our reliance on a small number of third party contractors to complete manufacturing, certain research and development and deployment functions reduces our control over the manufacturing process, exposing us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs and product supply including delays in transportation and delivery. Any manufacturing disruption by our usual contractors could impair our ability to fulfill orders. We may be unable to manage our relationships with our usual contractors effectively as they may experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations, customer concerns about the contractor or our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders, or otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery. Similarly, to the extent that our usual contractors procure materials on our behalf, we may not benefit from any warranties received by our usual contractors from the suppliers or otherwise have recourse against the original supplier of the materials or even the manufacturer. In such circumstances, if the original supplier were to provide us or our usual contractors with faulty materials, we might not be able to recover the costs of such materials or be compensated for any damages that arise as a result of the inclusion of the faulty components in our products.

If any of our contractors fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies and/or perform the agreed-upon services, then our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized. In addition, the absence of qualified contractors with whom we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts. One or more of our usual contractors may suffer an interruption in its business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, or seek to terminate its relationship with us, or we may choose to change or add additional contractors for other reasons. Additionally, we do not have long-term supply agreements with our usual contractors. As a result, we may be unable to renew or extend our agreement on terms favorable to us, if at all. Although the manufacturing services required to manufacture and assemble our products may be readily available from a number of established manufacturers, it may be risky, time consuming and costly to qualify and implement new manufacturer relationships.

Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Material delays or defaults in customer payments could leave us unable to cover expenditures related to such customer’s projects, including the payment of our subcontractors.

Because of the nature of most of our contracts, we commit resources to projects prior to receiving payments from our customers in amounts sufficient to cover expenditures as they are incurred. In certain cases, these expenditures include paying our contractors and purchasing parts. If a customer defaults in making its payments on a project or projects to which we have devoted significant resources, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Certain of our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers may work on projects that are inherently dangerous, and a failure to maintain a safe worksite could result in significant losses.

Certain of our project sites can place our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and others, including third parties, in difficult or dangerous environments, and may involve difficult and hard to reach terrain, high elevation, or locations near large or complex equipment, moving vehicles, high voltage or other safety hazards or dangerous processes. Safety is a primary focus of our business and maintaining a good reputation for safety is critical to our business. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts. We maintain programs with the primary purpose of implementing effective health, safety and environmental procedures throughout our company. Maintaining such programs involves variable costs which may increase as governmental, regulatory and industry safety standards evolve, and any increase in such costs may materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, if we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures or if our procedures fail, our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, including third parties, may suffer injuries. Failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts or applicable regulations, or the occurrence of such injuries, could subject us to material losses and liability and may adversely impact our ability to obtain projects in the future or to hire and retain talented officers, employees, contractors, and other services providers, therefore materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our products are subject to a lengthy sales cycle and our customers may cancel or change their product plans after we have expended substantial time and resources in the design of their products.

Many of our customers are conservative in their decision-making process. Sales cycles for new customers can vary from one to three years depending on the complexity of the customer’s network, whether the customer is subject to state regulations, and annual budget cycles. During this lengthy sales cycle, our potential customers may cancel or change their product plans. Customers may also discontinue products incorporating our devices at any time or they may choose to replace our products with lower cost semiconductors. In addition, we are working with leading customers in our target markets to define our future products. If customers cancel, reduce or delay product orders from us, or choose not to release products that incorporate our devices after we have spent substantial time and resources developing products or assisting customers with their product design, our revenue levels may be less than anticipated and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to receive positive references from our existing customers.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to call on our current and past customers to provide positive references to new, potential customers. A material portion of our current pipeline activity is concentrated in the transportation and aviation sectors as well as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Given our limited number of customers, the loss or dissatisfaction of any customer could substantially harm our brand and reputation, inhibit the market acceptance of our products and services, and impair our ability to attract new customers and maintain existing customers. Further, as we expand into new vertical and geographic end markets, references from existing customers could be similarly important. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our products contain defects or otherwise fail to perform as expected, we could be liable for damages and incur unanticipated warranty claims, recall and other related expenses, our reputation could be damaged, we could lose market share and, as a result, our financial condition or results of operations could suffer.

Our products rely on complex avionics, sensors, user-friendly interfaces and tightly integrated, electromechanical designs to accomplish their missions. Our products may contain defects or experience failures due to any number of issues in design, materials, manufacture, deployment and/or use. If any of our products contain a defect, compatibility or interoperability issue or other error, we may have to devote significant time and resources to find and correct the issue. Such efforts could divert the attention of our management team and other relevant personnel from other important tasks. A product recall or a significant number of product returns could (i) be expensive; (ii) damage our reputation and relationships with utilities and other third-party vendors; (iii) result in the loss of business to competitors; and (iv) result in litigation against us. Costs associated with field replacement labor, hardware replacement, re-integration with third-party products, handling charges, correcting defects, errors and bugs, or other issues could be significant and could materially harm our financial results.

As a manufacturer of UAV products, and with aircraft and aviation sector companies under increased scrutiny, claims could be brought against us if use or misuse of one of our UAV products causes, or merely appears to have caused, personal injury or death. In addition, defects in our products may lead to other potential life, health and property risks. Any claims against us, regardless of their merit, could severely harm our financial condition, strain our management and other resources.

The existence of any defects, errors, or failures in our products or the misuse of our products could also lead to product liability claims or lawsuits against us. A defect, error or failure in one of our products could result in injury, death or property damage and significantly damage our reputation and support for our products in general. We anticipate this risk will grow as our products begin to be used in U.S. domestic airspace and urban areas.

Although we maintain insurance policies, we cannot provide assurance that this insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material judgments and expenses related to potential future claims or that these levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices or at all. A successful product liability claim could result in substantial cost to us. Even if we are fully insured as it relates to a claim, the claim could nevertheless diminish our brand and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We generally warrant our manufactured products, including hardware and software, for a period of one year from the date of receipt of the product by the customer. After the first year, the customer can pay for extended hardware warranty and software maintenance and upgrades on an annual basis in advance. Estimated future product warranty claims are based on the expected number of field failures over the warranty commitment period, the term of the product warranty period, and the costs for repair, replacement and other associated costs. Our warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates, claims levels, material usage and product re-integration and handling costs. While costs that we have incurred historically under our warranty obligations have not been material, the costs associated with such warranties, including any warranty related legal proceedings, are variable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Because our products are relatively new and we do not yet have the benefit of long-term experience observing products’ performance in the field, our estimates of a product’s lifespan and incidence of claims may be inaccurate. Should actual product failure rates, claims levels, material usage, product re-integration and handling costs, defects, errors, bugs or other issues differ from the original estimates, we could end up incurring materially higher warranty or recall expenses than we anticipate.

Our Optimus System™ makes use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, have occasionally been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames. If such events occur with our products, we could face liability associated with our warranty, for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The battery packs in our Optimus™ drone use lithium-ion cells, which have been used for years in laptop computers and cell phones. On occasion, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials. Highly publicized incidents of laptop computers and cell phones bursting into flames have focused consumer attention on the safety of these cells. These events also have raised questions about the suitability of these lithium-ion cells for automotive applications. There can be no assurance that a field failure of our battery packs will not occur, which would damage the vehicle or lead to personal injury or death and may subject us to lawsuits. Furthermore, there is some risk of electrocution if individuals who attempt to repair battery packs on our vehicles do not follow applicable maintenance and repair protocols. Any such damage or injury would likely lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Any such adverse publicity could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Due to the volatile and flammable nature of certain components of our products and equipment, fires or explosions may disrupt our business or cause significant injuries, which could adversely affect our financial results.

The development and manufacture of certain of our products involves the handling of a variety of explosive and flammable materials as well as high power equipment. From time to time, these activities may result in incidents that could cause us to temporarily shut down or otherwise disrupt some manufacturing processes, causing production delays and resulting in liability for workplace injuries and/or fatalities. We have safety and loss prevention programs that require detailed reviews of process changes and new operations, along with routine safety audits of operations involving explosive materials, to mitigate such incidents, as well as a variety of insurance policies, however our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all claims and losses related to such incidents. We may experience such incidents in the future, which could result in production delays or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our technology, products and services have only been developed in the last several years and we have had only limited opportunities to deploy and assess their performance in the field at full scale.

The current generation of our FullMAX, Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ technology platforms have only been developed in the last several years and will continue to evolve. Deploying and operating our technology is complex and, until recently, had been done primarily by a small number of customers. As the size, complexity and scope of our deployments grow we have been able to test product performance at a greater scale and in a variety of new geographic settings and environmental conditions. As the number, size and complexity of our deployments grow and we deploy our technology platforms for new applications in new critical infrastructure industries, we may encounter unforeseen operational, technical and other challenges, some of which could cause significant delays, trigger contractual penalties, result in unanticipated expenses, and/or damage to our reputation, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to respond to evolving technological changes, our products and services could become obsolete or less competitive.

We operate in highly competitive industries characterized by new and rapidly evolving technologies, standards, regulations, customer requirements, as well as frequent product introductions and revisions. Accordingly, our operating results depend upon our ability to develop and introduce new products and services, our ability to reduce production costs of our existing products. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing products and services or acceptable new products and services that keep pace with technological developments or industry standards, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be significantly harmed.

We depend on our ability to develop new products and to enhance and sustain the quality of existing products.

Our growth and future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to design and manufacture new competitive products and to enhance and sustain the quality and marketability of our existing products. As such, we have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in technology development. In the future, we may not have the necessary capital, or access to capital on acceptable terms, to fund necessary levels of research and development. Even with adequate capital resources, we may nonetheless experience unforeseen problems in the development or performance of our technologies or products. In addition, we may not meet our product development schedules and, even if we do, we may not develop new products fast enough to provide sufficient differentiation from our competitors’ products, which may be more successful.

We expect to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products and services, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to us.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and new environments, and introducing new products and services that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur substantial research and development costs as part of our efforts to design, develop and commercialize new products and services and enhance existing products. For example, we will incur research and development costs to improve the functionality of our acoustic DAA solution configuration in certain environments, in addition to integrating new payloads to broaden the functionality of our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™. Further, our research and development programs may not produce successful results, and our new products and services may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable, which could materially harm our business, prospects, financial results and liquidity.

If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ other systems, the purchase or deployment of our products and services may be delayed or cancelled.

Our products are designed to interface with our customers’ other systems, each of which may have different specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and products from other vendors. Our products will be required to interoperate with many or all of these products as well as future products in order to meet our customers’ requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ systems, we may need to modify our products or services to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will interoperate with the existing software and hardware, which could be costly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if our products and services do not interoperate with our customers’ systems, customers may seek to hold us liable, demand for our products could be adversely affected or orders for our products could be delayed or cancelled. This could hurt our operating results, damage our reputation or brand, and seriously harm our prospects, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company operates in a competitive market.

The Company faces competition and new competitors will continue to emerge throughout the world. Services offered by the Company’s competitors may take a larger share of customer spending than anticipated, which could cause revenue generated from the Company’s products and services to fall below expectations. It is expected that competition in these markets will intensify. If competitors of the Company develop and market more successful products or services, offer competitive products or services at lower price points, or if the Company does not produce consistently high-quality and well-received products and services, revenues, margins, and profitability of the Company will decline.

The Company’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, the Company’s pricing of services and equipment, quality of customer service and field support, development of new and enhanced products and services in response to customer demands and changing technology, reach and quality of sales and distribution channels and capital resources. Competition could lead to a reduction in the rate at which the Company adds new customers, a decrease in the size of the Company’s market share and a decline in its customers.

We rely on our management team and need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key officers, employees, contractors and other service providers or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend, in part, on the performance of Eric Brock, our Chief Executive Officer and President, Neil Laird, our Interim Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Markus Nottelmann, Chief Executive Officer of Ondas Networks, Menashe Shahar, the Chief Technology Officer of Ondas Networks, Oshri Lugassi the Co-Chief Executive Officer of OAS, Meir Kliner the President of OAS and Yishay Curelaru the Chief Financial Officer of Airobotics to operate and grow our business. The loss of any of Messrs. Brock, Laird, Nottelmann, Shahar, Lugassi, Kliner or Curelaru could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategies. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Brock, Nottelmann, Shahar, Lugassi, Kliner and Curelaru, we may be unable to retain them or replace any of them if we lose their services for any reason.

Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled management, product development, operations, sales, technical and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Even in today’s economic climate, competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in Silicon Valley. Given the lengthy sales cycles with utilities and deployment periods of our networking platform and solutions, the loss of key personnel at any time could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Cyberattacks through security vulnerabilities could lead to disruption of business, reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, or harm to our reputation or competitive position.

Security vulnerabilities may arise from our hardware, software, employees, contractors or policies we have deployed, which may result in external parties gaining access to our networks, datacenters, cloud datacenters, corporate computers, manufacturing systems, and or access to accounts we have at our suppliers, vendors, and customers. They may gain access to our data or our users’ or customers’ data or attack the networks causing denial of service or attempt to hold our data or systems in ransom. The vulnerability could be caused by inadequate account security practices such as failure to timely remove employee access when terminated. To mitigate these security issues, we have implemented measures throughout our organization, including firewalls, backups, encryption, employee information technology policies and user account policies. However, there can be no assurance these measures will be sufficient to avoid cyberattacks. If any of these types of security breaches were to occur and we were unable to protect sensitive data, our relationships with our business partners and customers could be materially damaged, our reputation could be materially harmed, and we could be exposed to a risk of litigation and possible significant liability.

Further, if we fail to adequately maintain our infrastructure, we may have outages and data loss. Excessive outages may affect our ability to timely and efficiently deliver products to customers or develop new products and solutions. Such disruptions and data loss may adversely impact our ability to fulfill orders, patent our intellectual property or protect our source code, and interrupt other processes. Delayed sales or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.

Unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, any personal information maintained by us or on our behalf, whether through breach of our systems, breach of the systems of our suppliers or vendors by an unauthorized party, or through employee or contractor error, theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business. If any such unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, such personal information was to occur, our operations could be seriously disrupted, and we could be subject to demands, claims and litigation by private parties, and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities. In addition, we could incur significant costs in notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, such information could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not control certain aspects of the manufacturing process.

Our reliance on a small number of manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, exposing us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs and product supply including delays in transportation and delivery. Any manufacturing disruption by our usual manufacturers could impair our ability to fulfill orders. We may be unable to manage our relationships with our usual manufacturers effectively as they may experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations or otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery. Similarly, to the extent that our usual manufacturers procure materials on our behalf, we may not benefit from any warranties received by our usual manufacturers from the suppliers or otherwise have recourse against the original supplier of the materials or even the manufacturer. In such circumstances, if the original supplier were to provide us or our usual manufacturers with faulty materials, we might not be able to recover the costs of such materials or be compensated for any damages that arise as a result of the inclusion of the faulty components in our products.

One or more of our usual manufacturers may suffer an interruption in its business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, or seek to terminate its relationship with us, or we may choose to change or add additional manufacturers for other reasons. Additionally, we do not have long-term supply agreements with our usual manufacturers. As a result, we may be unable to renew or extend our agreement on terms favorable to us, if at all. Although the manufacturing services required to manufacture and assemble our products may be readily available from a number of established manufacturers, it may be risky, time consuming and costly to qualify and implement new manufacturer relationships.

Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products or used in our development programs become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products and in completing our development programs, which could damage our business.

In order to produce our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ and related safety systems, we obtain certain hardware components, as well as subsystems and systems from a limited group of suppliers, some of which are sole source suppliers. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these suppliers that obligate them to continue to sell components, subsystems, systems or products to us. Our reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties, including whether our suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required components, subsystems, or systems of sufficient quality, will increase prices for the components, subsystems or systems and will perform their obligations on a timely basis.

In addition, certain raw materials and components used in the manufacturing of our products and in our development programs, are periodically subject to supply shortages, and our business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Particularly, the market for electronic components is experiencing increased demand and a global shortage of semiconductors, creating substantial uncertainty regarding our suppliers’ continued production of key components for our products. If any additional shortages occur and we are unable to obtain components from third party suppliers in the quantities and of the quality that we require, on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, then we may not be able to timely complete development programs or deliver our products on a timely or cost effective basis to our customers, which could cause customers to terminate their contracts with us, increase our costs and seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, then we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if we lose any of these sources or are required to redesign our products.

We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing which exposes us to fluctuations in component, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in these prices would increase our operating costs and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Because we currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials, parts and components and equipment we use in the production of our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™. Substantial increases in the prices for such raw materials, components and equipment would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased prices. Any attempts to increase prices of our automated data solutions in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by our customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may pursue additional strategic transactions in the future, which could be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile significantly.

We intend to consider additional potential strategic transactions, which could involve acquisitions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies that expand, complement or otherwise relate to our current or future business. We may also consider, from time to time, opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address particular market segments. Should our relationships fail to materialize into significant agreements, or should we fail to work efficiently with these companies, we may lose sales and marketing opportunities and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

These activities, if successful, create risks such as, among others: (i) the need to integrate and manage the businesses and products acquired with our own business and products; (ii) additional demands on our resources, systems, procedures and controls; (iii) disruption of our ongoing business; (iv) potential unknown or unquantifiable liabilities associated with the target company; and (v) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. Moreover, these transactions could involve: (a) substantial investment of funds or financings by issuance of debt or equity securities; (b) substantial investment with respect to technology transfers and operational integration; and (c) the acquisition or disposition of product lines or businesses. Also, such activities could result in one-time charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of our existing shareholders or result in the issuance of, or assumption of debt. Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources. Any such activities may not be successful in generating revenue, income or other returns, and any resources we committed to such activities will not be available to us for other purposes. Moreover, if we are unable to access the capital markets on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions, or may have to do so on the basis of a less than optimal capital structure. Our inability to take advantage of growth opportunities or address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses may negatively affect our operating results.

Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment, or charges to earnings associated with any acquisition or investment activity, may materially reduce our earnings. Future acquisitions or joint ventures may not result in their anticipated benefits, and we may not be able to properly integrate acquired products, technologies or businesses with our existing products and operations or successfully combine personnel and cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions.

If the Company is required to write down goodwill and other intangible assets, the Company’s financial condition and results could be negatively affected.

Goodwill impairment arises when there is deterioration in the capabilities of acquired assets to generate cash flows, and the fair value of the goodwill dips below its book value. The Company is required to review its goodwill for impairment at least annually. Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, increased competition, loss of key personnel, and regulatory action. Should any of these occur, an impairment of goodwill could have a negative effect on the assets of the Company.

In December 2024, the Company bypassed the qualitative analysis and proceeded directly to a quantitative analysis. The Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the OAS reporting unit. Using a discounted cash flow model and market approach model with updated forecasts for revenue and cash flows, it was determined that the fair value of the reporting unit was higher than the carrying value as of December 31, 2024, and no further impairment to goodwill was necessary as of December 31, 2024. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisition of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of goodwill.

War, terrorism, and other acts of violence may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our product and service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by regional or global instability, disruption or destruction, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest. For example, the war in Israel and the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia may affect the markets in which we operate. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the products and services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events pose risks which could materially adversely affect our financial results.

Since Airobotics is located in Israel, the Company has considered various ongoing risks relating to the military operation and related matters. All of the Company’s workforce in Israel returned to work and inventory production restraints have eased. The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the Company’s ability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone Raider™ and to ship them outside of Israel. To date, we have not had material disruptions to our ability to produce, manage and deliver products and services to customers as our U.S. teams have supported our ongoing operations in Israel and the Middle East; however, a prolonged war or an escalation of the current conditions in Israel could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Due to the ongoing and evolving nature of these events, the extent of the adverse effect on our business operations is still unknown.

We may not be able to secure adequate insurance policies, or secure insurance policies at reasonable prices.

We maintain general liability insurance, aviation flight testing insurance, aircraft liability coverage, directors and officers insurance, and other insurance policies and we believe our level of coverage is customary in the industry and adequate to protect against claims. However, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover potential claims or that present levels of coverage will be available in the future at a reasonable cost. Further, we expect our insurance needs and costs to increase as we grow our commercial operations and expand into new markets and it is uncertain if such insurance will be available on commercially reasonable terms.

The Company will be affected by operational risks and may not be adequately insured for certain risks.

The Company will be affected by a number of operational risks and the Company may not be adequately insured for certain risks, including: labor disputes; catastrophic accidents; fires; blockades or other acts of social activism; changes in the regulatory environment; impact of non-compliance with laws and regulations; natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, floods, earthquakes and ground movements. There is no assurance that the foregoing risks and hazards will not result in damage to, or destruction of, the Company’s technologies, personal injury or death, environmental damage, adverse impacts on the Company’s operation, costs, monetary losses, potential legal liability and adverse governmental action, any of which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings and financial condition. Furthermore, the unmanned aerial systems industry lacks a formative insurance market. As a result, the Company may be subject to or affected by liability or sustain loss for certain risks and hazards against which the Company cannot insure or which the Company may elect not to insure because of the cost. This lack of insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.

Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time in the normal course of our business operations, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial condition as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a significant diversion of our resources, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully defend against any such litigation regardless of particular merits. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. Insurance may not be available on favorable terms, at all, or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and the results of our operations.

Our cash could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash fail.

The Company maintains domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks. The domestic bank deposit balances may exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Also, in the foreign markets we serve, we also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks, some of which are not insured or partially insured by the FDIC or other similar agency. These balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions in which we deposit monies fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets.

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements

We and our customers operate in a highly regulated business environment and changes in regulation could impose costs on us or make our products less economical.

Our products and services and our utility customers are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. Laws and regulations applicable to us and our products govern, among other things, the manner in which our products communicate, and the environmental impact and electrical reliability of our products. Additionally, our critical infrastructure customers are often regulated by national, state and/or local bodies, including public utility commissions, the Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the FAA, the FCC, Federal Rail Association, Israeli Defense Export Controls Agency of the Ministry of Defense and other bodies. Prospective customers may be required to gain approval from any or all of these organizations prior to implementing our products and services, including specific permissions related to the cost recovery of these systems. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for implementation and operation of our products, which may result in unforeseen delays. We may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with government regulations applicable to us or our utility customers. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving regulations and requirements that may be adopted or imposed on us or our utility customers in the future. Such costs could make our products less economical and could impact our utility customers’ willingness to adopt our products, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect critical infrastructure industries could have a potentially adverse effect on our customers’ interest or ability to implement our technologies. Many regulatory jurisdictions have implemented rules that provide financial incentives for the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response technologies, often by providing rebates or through the restructuring of utility rates. If these programs were to cease, or if they were restructured in a manner inconsistent with the capabilities enabled by our products and services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly harmed.

Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FAA or other governmental agencies, or limitations put on the use of small UAS in response to public privacy and other concerns, may prevent us from expanding the sales of our drone solutions to industrial and government customers in the United States.

The regulation of small UAS for commercial use in the United States is undergoing substantial change and the ultimate treatment is uncertain.

On February 14, 2012, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 was enacted, establishing various deadlines for the FAA to allow expanded use of small UAS for both public and commercial applications. On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its final rules regarding the routine use of certain small UAS (under 55 pounds) in the U.S. National Airspace System pursuant to the act (the “Part 107 Rules”). The Part 107 Rules, which became effective in August 2016, provided safety regulations for small UAS conducting non-recreational operations and contain various limitations and restrictions for such operations, including a requirement that operators keep UAS within visual-line-of-sight and prohibiting flights over unprotected people on the ground who are not directly participating in the operation of the UAS. On December 28, 2020, the FAA announced final rules requiring remote identification of drones and allowing operators of small drones to fly over people and at night under certain conditions. On June 8, 2021, the FAA announced the formation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (“ARC”) to develop new rules to further define regulations for the operations of UAS Beyond Visual Line-of-Site (“BVLOS”). The timing of additional rulemaking is uncertain as is the outcome of the still developing regulatory environment related to the operation of small UAS. Additionally, recent focus on reducing the size of the federal workforce could negatively impact the availability of resources within the FAA which could delay our progress towards certification.

We cannot assure you that any final rules enacted in furtherance of the FAA’s announced proposals will result in the expanded use of our drones and drone solutions by commercial and industrial entities. In addition, there exists public concern regarding the privacy and other implications of U.S. commercial use of small UAS. This concern has included calls to develop explicit written policies and procedures establishing usage limitations. We cannot assure you that the response from regulatory agencies, customers and privacy advocates to these concerns will not delay or restrict the adoption of small UAS by the commercial use markets. 

Substantially all our current wireless networking products depend on the availability and are subject to the use of licensed radio frequencies regulated by the FCC in the United States. 

Substantially all of our current wireless networking products are designed to communicate wirelessly via licensed radio frequencies and therefore depend on the availability of adequate radio spectrum in order to operate. It is possible that the FCC or the U.S. Congress could adopt additional regulations or policies which are or may change or modify current regulations or policies so that they are, harmful to our business or incompatible with our current or future product offerings, as well as products currently installed in the field. Additional regulations or policies or changes or modifications to current regulations or policies may require modification or replacement of our products, including products currently installed in the field, at significant, or even prohibitive, cost to us, and may require changes or modifications to, or termination of, ongoing or planned projects. Any of these developments could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As a manufacturer of commercial UAS, we are subject to various government regulations, restrictions and requirements, and may be subject to additional regulations in the future, violation of which could subject us to sanctions or otherwise harm, restrict or add costs to our business.

As a manufacturer of consumer products, we are subject to significant government regulations, restrictions and requirements, including, in the United States, those issued under the Consumer Products Safety Act, as well as those issued under product safety and consumer protection statutes in our international markets. Failure to comply with any applicable product safety or consumer protection regulation could result in sanctions that could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Governments and regulatory agencies in the markets where we manufacture and sell products may enact additional regulations relating to product safety and consumer protection in the future and may also increase the penalties for failure to comply with product safety and consumer protection regulations. In addition, one or more of our customers might require changes in our products, such as the non-use of certain materials, in the future. Complying with any such additional regulations or requirements could impose increased costs on our business. Similarly, increased penalties for non-compliance could subject us to greater expenses in the event any of our products were found to not comply with such regulations. Such increased costs or penalties could harm our business.

Our business is subject to federal, state and international laws regarding data protection, privacy, and information security, as well as confidentiality obligations under various agreements, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could damage our reputation, expose us to litigation risk and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In connection with our business, we receive, collect, process and retain certain personal and confidential customer information. As a result, we are subject to increasingly rigorous federal, state and international laws regarding privacy and data protection. Personal privacy, data protection and information security are significant issues in the United States and the other jurisdictions where we offer our products and services. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, including the United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and various state, local and foreign bodies and agencies. We also execute confidentiality and data protection agreements with various parties under which we are required to protect their confidential information.

The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals, including end-customers and employees. In the United States, the FTC and many state attorney generals are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, and other jurisdictions in which we operate or conduct our business, have laws and regulations concerning the processing of personal information obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within or processing personal information that falls within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States in certain areas, whereas U.S. laws may impose requirements not included in their international counterparts. Such laws and regulations may, for example, require companies to implement new privacy and security policies and practices, permit individuals to access, correct and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal information for certain purposes.

We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact of such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in 2020, provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. Additionally, we expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted differently in the future. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the regulatory framework for the future of personal data transfers from the European Union to the United States with regulations such as the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes more stringent European Union data protection requirements, provides an enforcement authority, and imposes large penalties for noncompliance. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, including the adoption of the GDPR, as well as changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to individuals, which could decrease demand for our products, require us to restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue.

Although we are working to comply with those federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, such laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, our practices or the features of our products. As such, we cannot assure ongoing compliance with all such laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, and our efforts to do so may cause us to incur significant costs or require changes to our business practices, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to numerous legal and regulatory regimes, and we could be harmed by changes to, or the interpretation or the application of, the laws and regulations of each of the jurisdictions in which it operates.

In addition to the United States, Airobotics operates in Israel, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The international scope of Airobotics’ business requires us to comply with a wide range of national and local laws and regulations, which may in certain cases diverge from or even conflict with each other. Restrictions imposed on us by the Israel government, as a result of strategic ties and treaties with foreign countries, limit our activities and access to certain countries, in a manner that may restrict and even prevent in certain situations our operations in certain countries and affect its results.

With the geographic expansion of our business, and that of our subsidiaries, into new markets, we have become subject to additional and changing legal, regulatory, tax, licensing, and compliance requirements and industry standards.

In countries where we operate, legislators and regulatory authorities may introduce new interpretations of existing laws and regulations or introduce new legislation or regulations concerning our business. Changes in government regulation of or successful challenges to the business model used by us in certain markets may require us to change our existing business models and operations. Any additional regulatory scrutiny or changes in legal requirements may impose significant compliance costs and make it uneconomical for us to continue to operate in all of the current markets or to expand in accordance with our strategy, particularly if regulations or their interpretations vary greatly or conflict between different operating countries. This may negatively impact our revenue and profitability by preventing our business from reaching sufficient scale in particular markets or having to change our business model or incur additional costs, which would adversely impact business. Our inability, or perceived inability, to comply with existing or new compliance obligations, could lead to regulatory scrutiny, which could result in administrative or enforcement action, such as fines, penalties, and/or enforceable undertakings and adversely affect our business.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations, including economic sanctions, export controls, and import laws. Failure to comply with global trade laws and regulations can result in penalties and reputational harm. Our international sales efforts expose us to increased risk under these laws and regulations, and increasing and evolving global trade laws could impact our business.

In addition, the global economy has recently seen a rise in tariffs and threats of tariffs. While tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations to date, new tariffs could increase the costs of raw materials and other goods, both for us and our suppliers, which could impact our business, particularly as we begin to scale our manufacturing operations.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain.

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of eight issued patents in the U.S., six issued international patents, seven patent pending applications in the U.S., and five international pending patent application. The Ondas Networks segment patents expire between 2029 and 2041, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. As of this filing, the OAS segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., 22 issued international patents, and four international pending patent applications. The OAS segment patents expire between 2034 and 2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. Currently, several of our issued U.S. patents as well as various pending U.S. and foreign patent applications relate to our FullMAX systems, Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ and are therefore important to the functionality of our products. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. The rights granted to us under our patents, and the rights we are seeking to have granted in our pending patent applications, may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. In addition, those rights could be opposed, contested or circumvented by our competitors, or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier or cheaper for our competitors to offer the same or similar products or technologies. Even if we are successful in receiving patent protection for certain products and processes, our competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products that provide outcomes which are comparable or superior to ours without infringing on our intellectual property rights. Due to differences between foreign and U.S. patent laws, our patented intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Even if patents are granted outside the U.S., effective enforcement in those countries may not be available without significant cost and time expense or at all.

We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. Third parties may challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote additional resources to marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe upon our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protectable by patents, to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers regarding our intellectual property and proprietary technology. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of those agreements, we may not be provided with meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, officers, employees, contractors and other service providers use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in the related or resulting know-how and inventions. If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technologies not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If a competitor infringes upon one of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights, enforcing those patents, trademarks and other rights may be costly, difficult and time consuming. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the industry in which we operate is subject to rapid change and constant evolution and, consequently, patent positions in our industry can be uncertain. Even if successful, litigation to defend our patents and trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention from managing our business. Moreover, we may not have sufficient resources or desire to defend our patents or trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business may suffer if it is alleged or found that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others.

Our industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and by litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements from companies like ours. To date we have received no claims with respect to our infringement of intellectual property or patents but, in the future, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be or may become contractually obligated to indemnify our utility customers or other third parties that use or resell our products in the event our products are alleged to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights. Responding to such claims, regardless of their merit, can be time consuming, costly to defend in litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses. Even if we are indemnified against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. Further, claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to redesign affected products, delay affected product offerings, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing, selling or distributing the affected products. If we cannot or do not license the alleged infringed technology on reasonable terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted. Additionally, our utility customers may not purchase our products if they are concerned that our products infringe third-party intellectual property rights. This could reduce the market opportunity for the sale of our products and services. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented technology, trade secrets and know-how. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and with parties with which we do business. These agreements may be breached, which breach may result in the misappropriation of such information, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology.

Moreover, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our officers, employees, contractors, other service providers, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We use open-source software in our products and services that may subject our products and services to general release or require us to re-engineer our products and services, which may cause harm to our business.

We use open-source software in connection with our products and services. From time to time, companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have faced claims challenging the ownership of open-source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. Therefore, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute open-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software in our products and services and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose the source code to the related product or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Risks Related to our Financial Results

We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitable operations.

We intend to increase our operating expenses substantially in connection with the planned expansion of our business, establishment of our sales and marketing infrastructure, our ongoing research and development activities, and the commensurate development of our management and administrative functions, but there is no guarantee that we will succeed in these endeavors. We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitability, and we might not be able to do so. Even if we do generate significant sales, we might not be able to achieve, sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our sales grow more slowly than we expect, or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our future profitability may be dependent upon achieving cost reductions and projected economies of scale from increasing manufacturing quantities of our products. Failing to achieve such reductions in manufacturing costs and projected economies of scale could materially adversely affect our business.

We do not know whether or when we will be able to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to manufacture (or contract for the manufacture of) these products in commercial quantities while meeting the volume, speed, quality, price, engineering, design and production standards required to successfully market our products. Our failure to develop such manufacturing processes and capabilities in locations that can efficiently service our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our future profitability is, in part, dependent upon achieving increased savings from volume purchases of raw materials and component parts, achieving acceptable manufacturing yield and capitalizing on machinery efficiencies. We expect our suppliers to experience a sharp increase in demand for their products. As a result, we may not have reliable access to supplies that we require or be able to purchase such materials or components at cost effective prices. There is no assurance that we will ever be in a position to realize any material, labor and machinery cost reductions associated with higher purchasing power and higher production levels. Failure to achieve these cost reductions could adversely impact our business and financial results.

If business growth falls short of expectations, we may need to obtain additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations.

We may require additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations if our growth plan falls short or takes more time than we anticipate. As our business has grown, we have managed periods of tight liquidity by accessing capital from our stockholders and their affiliates. Our capital requirements will depend on several factors, including:

We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. For example, increases in interest rates could negatively impact the costs of seeking additional funds through debt offerings and/or borrowings. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our revenue is not predictable and recognition of a significant portion of it will be deferred into future periods.

Once a customer decides to move forward with a large-scale deployment of our products and services, the timing of and our ability to recognize related revenue will depend on several factors, some of which may not be under our control. These factors include shipment schedules that may be delayed or subject to modification, the rate at which our utility customers choose to deploy our products in their network, customer acceptance of all or any part of our products and services, our contractual commitments to provide new or enhanced functionality at some point in the future, other contractual provisions such as liquidated damages, our suppliers’ ability to provide an adequate supply of components, the requirement to obtain regulatory approval, and our ability to deliver quality products according to expected schedules. In light of these factors, the application of complex revenue recognition rules to our products and services has required us to defer, and in the future will likely continue to require us to defer, a significant amount of revenue until undetermined future periods. It may be difficult to predict the amount of revenue that we will recognize in any given period and amounts recognized may fluctuate significantly from one period to the next. 

Our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increased.

Airobotics conducts a significant portion of its operations outside of the United States, which also operate in their respective local currencies, the most significant of which are currently the Israeli New Shekel, the Singapore Dollar and the Emirati Dirham. Therefore, our international operations accounts for a significant portion of our overall operations than they previously did and our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increase. Because our financial statements continue to be presented in U.S. dollars, the local currencies of Airobotics will be translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our Consolidated Financial Statements, thereby increasing the foreign exchange translation risk.

If our internal controls over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on the internal control over financial reporting. Our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock would likely decline and we could be subject to lawsuits, sanctions or investigations by regulatory authorities, including SEC enforcement actions, and we could be required to restate our financial results, any of which would require additional financial and management resources.

If material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, restrict our ability to access the capital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the material weakness, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in investor confidence.

We continue to invest in more robust technology and resources to manage those reporting requirements. Implementing the appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, result in substantial costs and require significant time to complete. Any difficulties or delays in implementing these controls could impact our ability to timely report our financial results. For these reasons, we may encounter difficulties in the timely and accurate reporting of our financial results, which would impact our ability to provide our investors with information in a timely manner. As a result, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and our stock price could decline.

In addition, any such changes do not guarantee that we will be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy could prevent us from accurately reporting our financial results.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

We have limited trading activity and as a result, the price of our common stock might fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The limited trading activity and resulting volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for your shares. The trading price of our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including, but not limited to:

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “ONDS.” There can be no assurance that trading of our common stock on such market will be sustained. In the event that our common stock is not listed on Nasdaq, or if we do not sustain such listing, our common stock could be quoted only on the OTC Markets. Under such circumstances, you may find it significantly more difficult to trade, or to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock and our common stock may become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers, such as financial institutions, hedge funds, and other similar investors.

These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate unpredictably and substantially, which may negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries, including our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.

Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Our executive officers, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our common stock and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 23.2% of our outstanding common stock as of March 10, 2025, and as of the date of this filing. As a result, these persons, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other significant corporate transactions.

Some of these persons or entities may have interests different than yours. For example, they may be more interested in selling our company to an acquirer than other investors, or they may want us to pursue strategies that deviate from the interests of other stockholders.

We may issue more shares to raise additional capital, which may result in substantial dilution.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of a maximum of 300,000,000 shares of common stock. Any additional financings effected by us may result in the issuance of additional securities without stockholder approval and the substantial dilution in the percentage of common stock held by our then existing stockholders. In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may be higher or lower than the price per share of our common stock at that time. Also, we have reserved 11,000,000 and 3,333,334 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to future awards under the Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2021 Plan”) and 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan and 2018 Plan is 6,573,078 and 1,207,078 shares of common stock, respectively. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Additionally, if all or a substantial portion of these shares are resold into the public markets then the trading price of our common stock may decline.

Our Board may issue and fix the terms of shares of our preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock or any change in control of our Company.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, with such designation rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our Board. Our Board is empowered, without the need to obtain stockholder approval, to issue shares of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. In the event of such issuances, the preferred stock could be used, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, which research and reports are not and would not be subject to our control. We currently do not have and may never obtain research coverage by securities analysts, and industry analysts that currently cover us may cease to do so. If no securities analysts commence coverage of our company, or if industry analysts cease coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be materially and adversely impacted. In the event we obtain securities analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may be materially and adversely impacted. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock nor are we under any obligation to declare or pay such cash dividends. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock may be limited by any future debt instruments or preferred securities. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases to a price above the price you paid for them and you sell such shares.

If our shares become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain a listing on Nasdaq and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock will be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling shares.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest. For example, Nevada law provides that approval of two-thirds of the stockholders is required to remove a director, which may make it more difficult for a third-party to gain control of the Company. This concentration of ownership limits the power to exercise control by our minority stockholders.

Our bylaws designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada (the “Court”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any Director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”), Chapters 78 or 92A of the NRS or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. However, each of these clauses (i) through (iv) will not apply to any claim (x) as to which the Court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court within ten (10) days following such determination), (y) for which the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (z) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court, including pursuant to Section 27 of the Exchange Act, which provides for exclusive federal jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), provides for concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits.

Risks Related to the Notes

We may not have the ability to pay interest on the Notes or to redeem the Notes.

The Notes bear interest at a rate of 3% per year and add amortization payments with respect to the principal amount of the Notes and accrued and unpaid interest are due and payable monthly. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due on any installment date in cash. If a change of control occurs, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase, for cash, all or a portion of their Notes. Our ability to pay amortization payments and interest on the Notes, to repurchase the Notes, to fund working capital needs, and fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability to generate cash flow in the future. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain sufficient cash reserves or that our business will continue to generate cash flow from operations at a level sufficient to permit us to pay the interest on the Notes or to repurchase or redeem the Notes or that our cash needs will not increase.

The holder of the Notes can defer an installment payment due on any installment date to another installment date and may, on any installment date accelerate the payment of amounts due on up to four future installment dates. Therefore, we may be required to repay the entire principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes in one lump sum on the maturity date of the Notes. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due whether by deferral or acceleration in cash and we may not have sufficient funds to repay the Notes under such circumstances.

Our failure to make the required payments on the Notes would permit the holders of the Notes to accelerate our obligations under the Notes. Such default may also lead to a default under our agreements governing any of our current and future indebtedness.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations in the future to service our indebtedness and meet our other needs, we may have to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness, obtain additional financing, reduce expenditures, or sell assets that we deem necessary to our business. We cannot assure you that any of these measures would be possible or that additional financing could be obtained on favorable terms, if at all. The inability to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet our obligations to you under the Notes.

Provisions in the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.

Under the terms of the Notes we are prohibited from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us, even where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.

Future sales of a significant number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile.

The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders, unless we satisfy any such conversions solely with cash, and conversions of such Notes into shares of our Common Stock could depress the price of our Common Stock. We cannot predict if and when these shares of our Common Stock will be resold in the public markets. We cannot predict the number of these shares that might be resold nor the effect that future sales of our shares of Common Stock would have on the market price of our shares of Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, may result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Our financing arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, which could limit our operational flexibility and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants and event of default clauses, which may affect operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness, create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs.

As a result of these restrictions, we may need to seek permission from our lenders in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lenders’ interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interests, which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

For more information regarding our obligations under the Notes please see Note 9 – Long-term Notes Payable in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.  

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.  

Governance

Item 2. Properties.

On October 4, 2024, we entered into a short-term operating lease agreement for office space located at One Marina Park Drive, Suite 1410, Boston, MA, which serves as Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters. The lease commenced on October 15, 2024, and is effective through April 30, 2025, wherein rent is $267 per month. On January 10, 2025, we renewed the lease through July 31, 2025, wherein rent is $288 per month for May 1, 2025 through July 31, 2025.

Our offices and facilities for Ondas Networks are located at 920 Stewart Drive, Suite 100, Sunnyvale, CA. On August 7, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a 72-month operating lease agreement with the owner and landlord of 21,537 square feet of other office space in Sunnyvale, CA (the “2023 Lease”). The lease commenced October 1, 2023, and is effective through September 30, 2029, wherein base rent is $77,533 per month, increasing approximately 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $269,428. Base rent for the 2023 Lease was abated during the first twelve months of the term of the lease.

Our offices and facilities for American Robotics are located at 936 Ridgebrook Road, Sparks, MD. On January 1, 2025, American Robotics entered into a 48-month operating lease agreement for office space in Sparks, Maryland through December 31, 2028, wherein base rent is $90,590 per year starting January 1, 2025, with an annual increase of 2% through December 31, 2028.

On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA, representing approximately 18,000 square feet. The lease commenced on March 1, 2022 and terminates on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit in the amount of $104,040. On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased space in Waltham through April 30, 2029, the remaining lease term, for $22,920 per month from May 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029.

Our offices and facilities for Airobotics are located at 8 Modi’in St, Petah Tikva, Israel, representing approximately 13,240 square feet and an adjacent yard with an area of approximately 9,690 square feet which Airobotics leases according to three different lease agreements. These agreements are with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and were in effect through December 31, 2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the base rate of the entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month. The expired leases are currently being leased on a month-to-month basis. 

On November 25, 2024, Airobotics entered into a 24-month lease agreement with the owner and landlord of office space in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (the “Dubai Office Lease”). The Dubai Office Lease commenced on December 1, 2024, and is an operating lease through December 2, 2026. Base rent for the full lease term is $272,262, which was paid in full in December 2024.

We believe that our offices and facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these, or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceeding or investigation by a governmental agency that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results. For information related to our legal proceedings, refer to Note 14 —Commitments and Contingencies of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

On December 4, 2020, our common stock was uplisted from the OOTCQB to the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ONDS” where it continues to trade on a very limited basis.

Stockholders

As of March 12, 2025, there were approximately 98 stockholders of record. 

Dividends

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends to stockholders. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business. The declaration of any future cash dividend, if any, would be at the discretion of our Board (subject to limitations imposed under applicable Nevada law) and would depend upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, our general economic conditions, and other pertinent conditions.

Unregistered Sales of Securities 

None during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None during the quarter ended December 31, 2024.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Form 10-K”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Overview

Ondas Holdings Inc. (“Ondas Holdings,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc., a Texas corporation (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Systems Inc., a Nevada corporation (“OAS”), which wholly-owns Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli company (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“American Robotics”).

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions. OAS provides drone and automated data solutions through its subsidiaries Airobotics and American Robotics. Ondas Networks and OAS together provide users in rail, energy, mining, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and OAS as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 12 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.

Ondas Networks Segment

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drone operations, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we continue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. By upgrading their legacy systems, customers benefit from significant increases in data throughput which enables new applications. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing dated narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. The freight rail operators through the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), its advisory subsidiary MxV Rail, as well as the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance Association (“AREMA”), have adopted the IEEE 802.16 standard for future private wireless networks.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide security, more reliability and significant data throughput for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth.

Industry Partnerships

Ondas Networks continues to develop partnerships in the rail space to develop and market wireless communications products and services based on Ondas Networks’ technology. Our partnership with Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”) is geared to market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop certain wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform. We are working with other industry partners to commercialize our platform technologies for specific use cases and to drive broad industry adoption of dot16 applications.

OAS Segment

Our OAS business unit develops and integrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial enterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions to address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and multipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Raider™, a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones.

Our unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in defense, homeland security, public safety, smart city, airport authorities, and other governmental entities together with commercial operators of critical industrial and technology facilities such as oil & gas, seaports, mining, and heavy construction as well as for data centers and semiconductor fabs. For these industries, OAS provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and aerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.

Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.

OAS and its portfolio companies have already gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes including the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the US market and worldwide, we believe that OAS is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.

War in Israel

On October 7, 2023, the State of Israel, where Airobotics’ main offices and facilities are located, suffered a surprise attack by hostile forces from the Gaza Strip, which led to the Security Cabinet of the State of Israel declaring a state of war in Israel. This military operation and related activities are on-going as of the date of this filing.

The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the Company’s ability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and to ship them outside of Israel. Although there have been disruptions in our business and operations, the Company has determined that there have not been any materially adverse effects on its business or operations. The Company does not believe the disruptions in its business and operations will have an enduring impact on its business and operations, but it continues to monitor the situation, as any future escalation or change could result in a material adverse effect on the ability of the Company’s Israeli office to support the Company’s activities. The Company does not have any specific contingency plans in the event of any such escalation or change. 

Results of Operations 

Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023

Revenues

Revenue decreased by $8,498,736 to $7,192,694 for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $15,691,430 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenues during the year ended December 31, 2024 included $2,796,178 for products, $2,491,955 for service and subscriptions, and $1,904,561 for development agreements, primarily with Siemens. Revenues during the same period in 2023 included $12,102,388 for products, $2,126,560 for service and subscriptions, and $1,462,482 for development agreements primarily with Siemens. The decrease in our revenues was primarily the result of a decrease of approximately $5,221,000 in product sales, mainly to Siemens, at Ondas Networks, as further orders have been delayed by the railroads, as they work on implementing the 900 MHz band network; a decrease of approximately $4,085,000 in decreased product sales at OAS, who had multi-drone orders during the year ended December 31, 2023, but no comparable sales until the second half of 2024. These decreases were offset by an increase of approximately $344,000 in maintenance, service, support, and subscriptions revenue and an increase of approximately $33,000 in development revenue at OAS due to new orders at Airobotics and American Robotics. Further offset by an increase of approximately $21,000 in service revenue at Ondas Networks, and an increase of approximately $409,000   in development revenue to Siemens, related to a new development agreement at Ondas Networks.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold decreased by $2,462,745 to $6,847,511 for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $9,310,256 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cost of goods sold was primarily a result of decreased revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Cost of goods sold at OAS did not decrease in the same ratio as revenue because of fixed manufacturing costs.

Gross profit 

Our gross profit decreased by $6,035,991 to $345,183 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $6,381,174 for the year ended December 31, 2023 based on the changes in revenues and cost of goods sold as discussed above. Gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 5% and 41%, respectively. The decrease in gross margin of 36% is due to the change in the mix of revenues during the year ended December 31, 2024, which included development projects with lower gross margins as compared to product revenue with higher gross margins during the year ended December 31, 2023, as well as certain fixed costs related to OAS delivery.

Operating Expenses 

Our principal operating costs include the following items as a percentage of total operating expenses:

Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $11,155,987, or 24%, as a result of the following items:

The decrease in operating expenses was primarily due to:

Operating Loss

As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss decreased by $5,119,996, or 13%, to $34,609,304 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $39,729,300 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Operating loss decreased primarily as a result of a decrease in operating expenses as described above, partially offset by decreased revenue and gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Total Other Income (Expense), net

Total other expense, net, decreased by $1,717,119, to $3,398,453 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $5,115,572 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Total other expense, net decreased primarily as a result of a decrease of approximately $574,000 from the change in fair value of government grant liability; a decrease in interest expense of approximately $534,000 primarily related to amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs; an increase in interest income of approximately $111,000 due to interest earned on cash deposits; a decrease of approximately $161,000 in other expense primarily related to an impairment of deferred offering costs of approximately $116,000 related to the termination of the ATM Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2023; and a decrease in foreign exchange loss, net of approximately $337,000.

Net Loss

As a result of the net effects of the foregoing, net loss decreased by $6,837,115, or 15%, to $38,007,757 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $44,844,872 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted, was $(0.61) for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $(0.88) for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Summary of (Uses) and Sources of Cash

The principal use of cash in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, was to fund the Company’s current expenses primarily related to operating activities necessary to allow us to service and support customers.

The decrease in cash flows used in operating activities of $549,896 was primarily due to a decrease in net loss of approximately $6,837,000, of which approximately $1,409,000 relates to non-cash and credits, including depreciation, amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, amortization of intangibles assets and right of use asset, stock-based compensation, and change in fair value of government grant liability; approximately $4,011,000 relates to non-cash impairment of long-term assets; offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities resulting in a cash outflow of approximately $867,000.

The increase in cash flows used in investing activities of $2,267,949, relates to an increase of approximately $1,452,000 in payments made for purchase of equipment, software intangibles and patent costs, and a decrease of approximately $47,000 from net of proceeds from sale of equipment, combined with a decrease of approximately $1,049,000 for cash acquired with the Airobotics acquisition in the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by the decrease of approximately $280,000 for cash paid for asset acquisitions in the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase in cash provided by financing activities of $31,448,470 was due to an increase in net proceeds from convertible debt of approximately $27,687,000, increase in net proceeds from notes payable of approximately $1,422,000, increase in proceeds from exercise of options and warrants of approximately $18,000, increase in net proceeds of approximately $110,000 from government grants, and approximately $7,304,000 in net proceeds from the sale of the Company’s Common Stock and warrants. Combined with a decrease of approximately $4,355,000 in cash payments on the 2022 Convertible Exchange Notes and a decrease of approximately $1,140,000 in cash payments for Airobotics related debt. This was partially offset by a decrease in net proceeds of approximately $10,317,000 from the sale of noncontrolling interest in Ondas Networks and an increase of approximately $271,000 in cash payments on the government grants liability.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred losses since inception and have funded our operations primarily through debt and the sale of capital stock. On December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $236,368,000. On December 31, 2024, we had net long-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $18,057,000 net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $1,682,000 and short-term borrowings outstanding of approximately $38,747,000, net of debt discount and issuance costs of approximately $5,825,000. On December 31, 2024, we had cash and restricted cash of approximately $29,999,000 and a working capital deficit of approximately $3,056,000. We had approximately $33,470,000 of net cash flows used in operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In 2024, we raised approximately $36,997,000 of net proceeds from issuance of convertible notes in Ondas Holdings, Ondas Networks, and OAS; approximately $1,422,000 of net proceeds from issuance of secured notes in Ondas Networks; approximately $7,304,000 of net proceeds from issuing common stock in Ondas Holdings, warrants in Ondas Holdings, and warrants in OAS; and approximately $4,375,000 in net proceeds from issuing additional redeemable preference shares in Ondas Networks and warrants in Ondas Holdings.

In January 2025, we raised approximately $931,000 in gross proceeds from issuance of convertible notes in Ondas Networks.

We expect to fund our operations for the next twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K from the cash on hand as of December 31, 2024, proceeds from the 2025 financing activity discussed above, gross profits generated from revenue growth, potential prepayments from customers for purchase orders, potential proceeds from warrants issued and outstanding, and additional funds that we may seek through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. There is substantial doubt that the funding plans will be successful and therefore the conditions discussed above have not been alleviated. As a result, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from March 12, 2025, the date the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.

Our future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies, the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights, our ability to establish collaborative arrangements, marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products and services from customers currently identified in our sales pipeline as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, will require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurance that we will generate revenue and cash as expected in our current business plan. We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial conditions, or results of operations. 

In addition, the global economy has recently seen a rise in tariffs and threats of tariffs. While tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations to date, new tariffs could increase the costs of raw materials and other goods, both for us and our suppliers, which could impact our business, particularly as we begin to scale our manufacturing operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2024, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures in the financial statements. Management considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:

We base our estimates and judgments on our experience, our current knowledge, our beliefs of what could occur in the future, our observation of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the following accounting policies and estimates as those that we believe are most critical to our financial condition and results of operations and that require management’s most subjective and complex judgments in estimating the effect of inherent uncertainties: share-based compensation expense, income taxes, complex derivative financial instruments and impairment of long-lived assets including intangible assets acquired in business combinations. 

Stock-Based Compensation Expense. We calculate stock-based compensation expense for option awards (“Stock-based Award(s)”) based on the estimated grant/issue date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (“Black-Scholes Model”) and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur. The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate, and the vesting period in determining the fair value of Stock-based Awards. The expected term is based on the “simplified method.” Under this method, the term is estimated using the weighted average of the service vesting period and contractual term of the option award. As the Company does not yet have sufficient history of its own volatility, the Company has identified several public entities of similar complexities and industry and calculates historical volatility based on the volatilities of these companies. Although we believe our assumptions used to calculate share-based compensation expense are reasonable, these assumptions can involve complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.

We recognize restricted stock unit expense over the period of vesting or period that services will be provided. Compensation associated with shares of Common Stock issued or to be issued to consultants and other non-employees is recognized over the expected service period beginning on the measurement date, which is generally the time the Company and the service provider enter into a commitment whereby the Company agrees to grant shares in exchange for the services to be provided.

Income Taxes. As part of the process of preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach to account for income taxes. A current liability is recorded for the estimated taxes payable for the current year. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the timing differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates or tax laws are recognized in the provision for income taxes in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more-likely-than-not to be realized. Changes in valuation allowances will flow through the statement of operations unless related to deferred tax assets that expire unutilized or are modified through translation, in which case both the deferred tax asset and related valuation allowance are similarly adjusted. Where a valuation allowance was established through purchase accounting for acquired deferred tax assets, any future change will be credited or charged to income tax expense. See Note 13 – Income Taxes in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for discussion related to Tax Reform.

The determination of our provision for income taxes requires significant judgment, the use of estimates, and the interpretation and application of complex tax laws. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In spite of our belief that we have appropriate support for all the positions taken on our tax returns, we acknowledge that certain positions may be successfully challenged by the taxing authorities. We determine the tax benefits more likely than not to be recognized with respect to uncertain tax positions. Although we believe our recorded tax assets and liabilities are reasonable, tax laws and regulations are subject to interpretation and inherent uncertainty; therefore, our assessments can involve both a series of complex judgments about future events and rely on estimates and assumptions. Although we believe these estimates and assumptions are reasonable, the final determination could be materially different than that which is reflected in our provision for income taxes and recorded tax assets and liabilities.

Complex Derivative Financial Instruments. From time to time, we sell common stock, and we issue convertible debt, both with common stock purchase warrants, which may include terms requiring conversion price or exercise price adjustments based on subsequent issuance of securities at prices lower than those in the agreements of such securities. In these situations, the instruments may be accounted for as liabilities and recorded at fair value each reporting period. Due to the complexity of the agreement, we use an outside expert to assist in providing the mark to market fair valuation of the liabilities over the reporting periods in which the original agreement was in effect. It was determined that a Binomial Lattice option pricing model using a Monte Carlo simulation would provide the most accuracy given all the potential variables encompassing a future dilutive event. This model incorporated transaction assumptions such as our stock price, contractual terms, maturity, risk free rates, as well as estimates about future financings, volatility, and holder behavior. Although we believe our estimates and assumptions used to calculate the fair valuation liabilities and related expense were reasonable, these assumptions involved complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets. Carrying values of property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators are present, we determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized by testing the applicable asset or asset group’s carrying value for recoverability. This assessment requires the exercise of judgment in assessing the future use of and projected value to be derived from the eventual disposal of the assets to be held and used. Assessments also consider changes in asset utilization, including the temporary idling of capacity and the expected timing for placing this capacity back into production. If the carrying value of the assets are not recoverable, then a loss is recorded for the difference between the assets’ fair value and respective carrying value. The fair value of the assets is determined using an “income approach” based upon a forecast of all the expected discounted future net cash flows associated with the subject assets. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions include: market size and growth, market share, projected selling prices, manufacturing cost and discount rate. Our estimates are based upon historical experience, commercial relationships, market conditions and available external information about future trends.

Recently Accounting Pronouncements and SEC Rules

See Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for recently adopted accounting pronouncements and SEC rules and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the date of this report.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 229.10(f)(1) and are not required to provide information under this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Financial statements begin on page F-1 following this Report.

Index to Financial Statements

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 

To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Ondas Holdings Inc.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows from operations and a working capital deficit as of December 31, 2024. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Excess and obsolete inventory reserve

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, management analyzes inventory for slow-moving and excess inventories on a recurring basis. Management establishes reserve for excess and obsolete inventories based on historical and projected sales volumes and anticipated selling prices. Inventory that is in excess of current and projected use is reduced by an allowance to a level that approximates its estimate of future demand. Inventory that is in excess of current and projected use is reduced by an allowance to a level that approximates its estimate of future demand. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has inventories of $9.8 million, net of excess quantities and obsolescence reserves.

We identified the Ondas Networks reserve for excess quantities and obsolete inventory as a critical audit matter because of the significant estimates and assumptions management makes to quantify the reserve. Subjective auditor judgment was required in evaluating whether historical sales experience is indicative of future product demand, as future product demand is based on the outcome of uncertain future events.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

We performed the following audit procedures, among others, to test management’s estimate of inventory:

/s/ Rosenberg Rich Baker Berman, P.A.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

Somerset, New Jersey 

March 12, 2025

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements. 

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS