Ondas Holdings Inc. Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial statements for interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023 Form 10-K”). The Company’s accounting policies are described in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in the 2023 Form 10-K and are updated, as necessary, in this Form 10-Q. The December 31, 2023 consolidated balance sheet data presented for comparative purposes was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. The results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2024, are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year or for any other subsequent interim period.

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and our wholly owned subsidiaries, Ondas Networks, American Robotics, and Airobotics. All inter-company accounts and transactions between these entities have been eliminated in these unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The functional currency of the Company and all of our subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar.

Business Combinations

We utilize the purchase method of accounting for business combinations. This method requires, among other things, that results of operations of acquired companies are included in Ondas’ results of operations beginning on the respective acquisition dates and that assets acquired, and liabilities assumed are recognized at fair value as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the fair value of consideration transferred over the fair values of the net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. Contingent consideration liabilities are recognized at the estimated fair value on the acquisition date; these are recorded in either other accruals within current liabilities (for expected payments in less than a year) or other non-current liabilities (for expected payments in greater than a year), both on our consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes to the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities are recognized in other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Contingent consideration payments made soon after the acquisition date are classified as investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Contingent consideration payments not made soon after the acquisition date that are related to the acquisition date fair value are reported as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows, and amounts paid in excess of the original acquisition date fair value are reported as operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The fair value of assets acquired, and liabilities assumed in certain cases, may be subject to revision based on the final determination of fair value during a period of time not to exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. Legal costs, due diligence costs, business valuation costs and all other business acquisition costs are expensed when incurred.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the underlying net assets of an acquired business. The Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter of its fiscal year, or immediately if conditions indicate that such impairment could exist. The Company evaluates qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value and whether it is necessary to perform goodwill impairment process.

Intangible assets represent patents, licenses, software and allocation of purchase price to identifiable intangible assets of an acquired business. The Company estimates the fair value of its reporting units using the fair market value measurement requirement. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable.

We amortize our intangible assets with a finite life on a straight-line basis, over 3 years for software; 10 years for patents; 3-10 years for developed technology, 10 years for licenses, trademarks, marketing-related assets and the FAA waiver; 5 years for customer relationships; and 1 year for non-compete agreements.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available and is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in making decisions regarding resource allocation and performance assessment. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company determined it has two reportable segments: Ondas Networks and OAS as the CODM reviews financial information for these two businesses separately. The Company has no inter-segment sales.

Use of Estimates

The process of preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Such management estimates include those relating to allocation of consideration for business combinations to identifiable tangible and intangible assets, revenue recognition, inventory write-downs to reflect net realizable value, assumptions used in the valuation of stock-based awards and valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no cash equivalents. Restricted cash includes cash that is not readily available for use in the Company’s operating activities. Restricted cash is attributable to minimum cash reserve requirements for Airobotics’ credit cards. The Company periodically monitors its positions with, and the credit quality of, the financial institutions with which it invests. Periodically, throughout the six months ended, and as of June 30, 2024, the Company has maintained balances in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance limits. As of June 30, 2024, the Company was $4,254,049 in excess of FDIC insured limits.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are stated at a gross invoice amount less an allowance for credit losses as well as net of any discounts or other forms of variable consideration. We estimate allowance for credit losses by evaluating specific accounts where information indicates our customers may have an inability to meet financial obligations, such as customer payment history, credit worthiness and receivable amounts outstanding for an extended period beyond contractual terms. We use assumptions and judgment, based on the best available facts and circumstances, to record an allowance to reduce the receivable to the amount expected to be collected. These allowances are evaluated and adjusted as additional information is received. We had no allowance for credit losses as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Inventory

Inventories, which consist solely of raw materials, work in process and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value, net of reserves for obsolete inventory. We continually analyze our slow-moving and excess inventories. Based on historical and projected sales volumes and anticipated selling prices, we established reserves. Inventory that is in excess of current and projected use is reduced by an allowance to a level that approximates its estimate of future demand. Products that are determined to be obsolete are written down to net realizable value. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 such reserves were $100,254.

Inventory consists of the following:

	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Raw Material	$	2,265,851		$	1,499,727
Work in Process		298,536			782,770
Finished Goods		2,491,640			4,403
Less Inventory Reserves		(100,254	)		(100,254	)
Total Inventory, net	$	4,955,773		$	2,186,646

Property and Equipment

All additions, including improvements to existing facilities, are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation of property and equipment is principally recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives typically are (i) 3 to 7 years for computer equipment, (ii) 5 years for vehicles and docking stations and drones, (iii) 7 – 17 years for furniture and fixtures, (iv) 5 to 7 years for development equipment, and (v) 3 years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the asset. Upon the disposal of property, the asset and related accumulated depreciation accounts are relieved of the amounts recorded therein for such items, and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in operating expenses in the year of disposition.

Software

Costs incurred internally in researching and developing a software product are charged to expense until technological feasibility has been established for the product. Once technological feasibility is established, all software costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers. Judgment is required in determining when technological feasibility of a product is established. We have determined that technological feasibility for our software products is reached after all high-risk development issues have been resolved through coding and testing. Generally, this occurs shortly before the products are released to production. The amortization of these costs is included in cost of revenue over the estimated life of the products. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had no internally developed software.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets are evaluated whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. Such indicators include significant technological changes, adverse changes in market conditions and/or poor operating results. The carrying value of a long-lived asset group is considered impaired when the projected undiscounted future cash flows are less than its carrying value. The amount of impairment loss recognized is the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset or asset group. Fair market value is determined primarily using the projected future cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. There was no impairment of long-lived assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and Development

Costs for research and development are expensed as incurred except for research and development equipment with alternative future use. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, salary related expenses and costs of contractors and materials.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist primarily of receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses and short- and long-term debt. The carrying amount of receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate our fair value because of the short-term maturity of such instruments. Our financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include right of use assets, goodwill and intangibles, which are adjusted to fair value whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable or the useful life has changed. Our estimate of the fair value of right of use assets, goodwill and intangibles is based on expected future cash flows and actual results may differ from those estimates.

We have categorized our assets and liabilities that are valued at fair value on a recurring basis into a three-level fair value hierarchy in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).

Assets and liabilities recorded in the balance sheets at fair value are categorized based on a hierarchy of inputs, as follows:

	Level 1 --	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

	Level 2 --	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

	Level 3 --	Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

The Company had no Level 3 assets that are required to be valued at fair value as of June 30, 2024. The Company had Level 3 assets that are required to be valued at fair value as of December 31, 2023, see Note – 2 Summary of Significant Account Policies, Leases, and Note 4 – Property and Equipment.

The Company had Level 3 liabilities that are required to be valued at fair value as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair value of the government grant liability is determined as the sum of 3% royalty payments on forecasted future sales, discounted using the effective interest method. As of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company made the following assumptions: (i) royalty payments will be made on future sales through 2027, and (ii) the effective interest rate is a range of 17-19%. The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for the Level 3 government grant liability measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs:

	Government Grant Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	2,749,704
Net loss on change in fair value of liability		74,393
Balance as of March 31, 2024		2,824,097
Government grant proceeds received, adjusted to fair value		156,659
Net gain on change in fair value of liability		(623,410	)
Balance as of June 30, 2024	$	2,357,346

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financing as deferred offering costs until such financing is consummated. After consummation of equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering. Should the planned equity financing be abandoned, the deferred offering costs are expensed immediately as a charge to other income (expense) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Government Grants

The Government grant liability was assumed through the acquisition of Airobotics and asset purchase of Iron Drone. Airobotics and Iron Drone received government grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly: the Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel, “the IIA”), and the grant funds are repayable to the extent that future economic benefits are expected from the research project that will result in royalty-bearing sales. A liability for grants received is first measured at fair value using a discount rate that reflects a market rate of interest. The difference between the amount of the grant received and the fair value of the liability is accounted for as a government grant and recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses.

At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether there is reasonable assurance that the liability recognized, in whole or in part, will not be repaid (since the Company will not be required to pay royalties) based on the best estimate of future sales and using the original effective interest rate, which is 17-19%, and if so, the appropriate amount of the liability is derecognized through other income (expense). Amounts paid as royalties are treated as a reduction of the liability. Royalty payments are due every nine months. There is no maturity date. The liability exists until it is paid in full through royalty payments or the Company reports to the IIA there will be no further sales, as per the terms of the agreement.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

In 2023 and 2024, Ondas Networks Inc. entered into multiple agreements with a third party for the sale of redeemable preferred stock in Ondas Networks (see Note 10 – Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest). The preferred stock accrues dividends at the rate per annum of eight percent (8%) of the original issue price and can be redeemed at the request of the Holder at any time after the fifth anniversary as follows:

(i)

In respect of the 2023 investments, for the greater of two times the initial investment plus accrued dividends or the amount that would be due if the Preferred Stock was converted into Common Stock.

(ii)

In respect of the 2024 investment, for the greater of one times the initial investment plus accrued dividends or the amount that would be due if the Preferred Stock was converted into Common Stock.

The applicable accounting guidance requires an equity instrument that is redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity if it is redeemable (a) at a fixed or determinable price on a fixed or determinable date, (b) at the option of the holder, or (c) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer. As a result, the Company recorded the noncontrolling interest as redeemable noncontrolling interest and classified it in temporary equity within its consolidated balance sheet initially at its acquisition-date estimated redemption value or fair value. In addition, the Company has elected to accrete the redeemable noncontrolling interest to the full redemption value as of the earliest redemption date by accruing dividends at 8% per annum and accreting the redemption value to two and one times the initial investment, respectively, using the effective interest rate method.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which the related temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized when the rate change is enacted. Valuation allowances are recorded to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, we recognize the effect of uncertain income tax positions only if the positions are more likely than not of being sustained in an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized uncertain income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which those changes in judgment occur. We recognize both interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of the income tax provision.

Stock-Based Compensation

We calculate stock-based compensation expense for option awards (“Stock-based Award(s)”) based on the estimated grant/issue date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model (“Black-Scholes Model”) and recognize the expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the weighted average risk-free interest rate, and the vesting period in determining the fair value of Stock-based Awards. The expected term is based on the “simplified method”, due to the Company’s limited option exercise history. Under this method, the term is estimated using the weighted average of the service vesting period and contractual term of the option award. As the Company does not yet have sufficient history of its own volatility, the Company has identified several public entities of similar size, complexities and industry and calculates historical volatility based on the volatilities of these companies. Although we believe our assumptions used to calculate stock-based compensation expense are reasonable, these assumptions can involve complex judgments about future events, which are open to interpretation and inherent uncertainty. In addition, significant changes to our assumptions could significantly impact the amount of expense recorded in a given period.

We recognize restricted stock unit expense over the period of vesting or period that services will be provided. Compensation associated with shares of Common Stock issued or to be issued to consultants and other non-employees is recognized over the expected service period beginning on the measurement date, which is generally the time the Company and the service provider enter into a commitment whereby the Company agrees to grant shares in exchange for the services to be provided.

Shipping and Handling

We expense all shipping and handling costs as incurred. These costs are included in Cost of goods sold on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Advertising and Promotional Expenses

We expense advertising and promotional costs as incurred. We recognized expense of $15,618 and $17,487 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and expense of $41,761 and $58,431 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These costs are included in Sales and marketing on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Post-Retirement Benefits

Post-Retirement Benefits:

We have one 401(k) Savings Plan that qualifies as a deferred salary arrangement under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under this 401(k) Plan, matching contributions are based upon the amount of the employees’ contributions subject to certain limitations. We recognized expense of $70,376 and $86,723 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $143,486 and $185,597 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Airobotics’ post-employment benefits are usually funded by deposits with insurance companies and are classified as defined deposit plans or defined benefit plans. Airobotics’ has defined deposit plans, in accordance with Section 14 of Severance Compensation Israeli Law, 1963, according to which Airobotics regularly makes its payments without having a legal or implied obligation to make additional payments even if the fund has not accumulated sufficient amounts to pay all employee benefits, in the current period and in previous periods. Deposits to a defined benefit plan for severance pay or benefits, are recognized as an expense when deposited with the plan in parallel with receiving work services from the employee. All of Airobotics’ employees in Israel are subject to Section 14 of Severance Compensation Israeli Law. We recognized expense of $186,915 and $122,009 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, $372,498 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and $266,083 for the period of January 24, 2023 through June 30, 2023 related to these post-employment benefits.

Revenue Recognition

Ondas has two business segments that generate revenue: Ondas Networks and OAS. Ondas Networks generates revenue from product sales, services, and development projects. OAS, which includes American Robotics and Airobotics, generates revenue from product sales, services, and data subscription services.

Ondas Networks is engaged in the development, marketing, and sale of wireless radio systems for secure, wide area mission-critical, business-to-business networks. Ondas Networks generates revenue primarily from the sale of our FullMAX System and the delivery of related services, along with non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) development projects with certain customers.

OAS generates revenue through the sales of their Optimus system and separately priced support, maintenance and ancillary services directly related to the sale of the Optimus system. OAS also generates service revenue by selling a data subscription service to its customers based on the information collected by their autonomous systems.

Revenue for development projects is typically recognized over time using a percentage of completion input method, whereby revenues are recorded on the basis of the Company’s estimates of satisfaction of the performance obligation based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to total estimated costs. The input method is utilized because management considers it to be the best available measure of progress as the performance obligations are completed.

Revenue and cost estimates are regularly monitored and revised based on changes in circumstances. Impacts from changes in estimates of revenue and cost of revenue are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis, which recognizes in the current period the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods base in the performance completed to date.

Subscription revenue is recognized on straight line basis over the length of the customer subscription agreement. If a subscription payment is received prior to installation and operation of their autonomous systems, it is held in deferred revenue and recognized after operation commences over the length of the subscription service.

Collaboration Arrangements Within the Scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements

The Company’s development revenue includes contracts where the Company and the customer work cooperatively to develop software and hardware applications. The Company analyzes these contracts to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities and are therefore within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in the responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808, the Company first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Company’s policy is generally to recognize amounts received from collaborators in connection with joint operating activities that are within the scope of ASC 808 as a reduction in research and development expense. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has not identified any contracts with its customers that meet the criteria of ASC 808.

Arrangements Within the Scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when the customer obtains control of promised products or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which is expected to be received in exchange for those products or services. The Company recognizes revenue following the five-step model prescribed under ASC 606: (i) identify contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the products or services it transfers to the customer.

At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the products or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised product or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available. Sales and other taxes collected on behalf of third parties are excluded from revenue. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, none of our contracts with customers included variable consideration.

Contracts that are modified to account for changes in contract specifications and requirements are assessed to determine if the modification either creates new or changes the existing enforceable rights and obligations. Generally, contract modifications are for products or services that are not distinct from the existing contract due to the inability to use, consume or sell the products or services on their own to generate economic benefits and are accounted for as if they were part of that existing contract. The effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates, is recognized as an adjustment to revenue (either as an increase in or a reduction of revenue) on a cumulative catch-up basis. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, there were no modifications to contract specifications.

Product revenue is comprised of sales of the Ondas Networks’ software defined base station and remote radios, its network management and monitoring system, and accessories. Ondas Networks’ software and hardware is sold with a limited one-year basic warranty included in the price. The limited one-year basic warranty is an assurance-type warranty, is not a separate performance obligation, and thus no transaction price is allocated to it. The nature of tasks under the limited one-year basic warranty only provides for remedying defective product(s) covered by the warranty. Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract, or upon installation when the combined performance obligation is not distinct within the context of the contract.

Development revenue is comprised primarily of non-recurring engineering service contracts to develop software and hardware applications for various customers. For Ondas Networks, in 2024 and 2023, a significant portion of this revenue is generated from one parent customer whereby Ondas Networks is to develop such applications to interoperate within the customers infrastructure. For these contracts, Ondas Networks and the customers work cooperatively, whereby the customers’ involvement is to provide technical specifications for the product design, as well as, to review and approve the project progress at various markers based on predetermined milestones. The products developed are not able to be sold to any other customer and are based in part upon existing Ondas Networks and customer technology. Development revenue is either recognized at the point in time when those services have been provided to the customer and the performance obligation has been satisfied recognized, or as services are provided over the life of the contract as Ondas Networks has an enforceable right to payment for services completed to date and there is no alternative use of the product, depending on the contract.

If the customer contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. We enter into certain contracts within our service revenues that have multiple performance obligations, one or more of which may be delivered subsequent to the delivery of other performance obligations. We allocate the transaction price based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised products or services underlying each performance obligation. We determine standalone selling prices based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price considering available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. Revenue is then allocated to the performance obligations using the relative selling prices of each of the performance obligations in the contract.

Ondas Networks’ payment terms vary and range from Net 15 to Net 30 days from the date of the invoices for product and services related revenue. Ondas Networks’ payment terms for the majority of their development related revenue carry milestone-related payment obligations which span the contract life. For milestone-based contracts, the customer reviews the completed milestone and once approved, makes payment pursuant to the applicable contract.

OAS’s product revenue is comprised of sales of the Optimus system which includes a drone, docking station, different flown sensors (payloads), communications system, batteries, and others. The Optimus system is sold with a limited one-year basic warranty included in the price. The limited one-year basic warranty is an assurance-type warranty, is not a separate performance obligation, and thus no transaction price is allocated to it. The nature of tasks under the limited one-year basic warranty only provides for remedying defective product(s) covered by the warranty. Product revenue is generally recognized when the customer obtains control of our product, which occurs at a point in time, and may be upon shipment or upon delivery based on the contractual shipping terms of a contract, or upon installation when the combined performance obligation is not distinct within the context of the contract.

OAS’s service revenue is comprised of separately priced support and maintenance sales, as well as ancillary services directly related to the sale of the Optimus system including product training, installation, and onsite support. OAS also generates service revenue by selling a data subscription service to its customers based on the information collected by their autonomous systems. The customer pays for a monthly, annual, or multi-annual subscription service to remotely access the data collected by their autonomous systems. Ancillary service revenues are recognized at the point in time when those services have been provided to the customer and the performance obligation has been satisfied. The Company allocates the transaction price to the service based on the stand-alone selling prices of these performance obligations, which are stated in our contracts.

OAS’s payment terms vary and range from Net 30 days to Net 60 days from the date of the invoices for product and services related revenue. OAS’s payment terms for the majority of their development related revenue carry milestone-related payment obligations which span the contract life. For milestone-based contracts, the customer reviews the completed milestone and once approved, makes payment pursuant to the applicable contract.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following tables present our disaggregated revenues by type of revenue, timing of revenue, and revenue by country:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Type of Revenue:
Product revenue	$	22,484	$	4,344,056	$	24,758	$	6,699,837
Service and subscription revenue		298,553		975,468		608,140		1,055,406
Development revenue		636,814		149,440		949,962		309,712
Total revenue	$	957,851	$	5,468,964	$	1,582,860	$	8,064,955

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Timing of Revenue:
Revenue recognized point in time	$	165,331	$	5,121,703	$	291,965	$	7,522,267
Revenue recognized over time		792,520		347,261		1,290,895		542,688
Total revenue	$	957,851	$	5,468,964	$	1,582,860	$	8,064,955

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Country of Revenue, based on location services were provided or product was shipped to:
United States	$	557,714	$	1,519,996	$	751,747	$	2,650,198
United Arab Emirates		122,043		3,836,873		252,087		5,235,524
United Kingdom		101,584		-		265,883		-
Israel		176,510		112,095		303,143		179,233
India		-		-		10,000		-
Total revenue	$	957,851	$	5,468,964	$	1,582,860	$	8,064,955

Contract Assets and Liabilities

We recognize a receivable or contract asset when we perform a service or transfer a good in advance of receiving consideration. A receivable is recorded when our right to consideration is unconditional and only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. A contract asset is recorded when we have recognized revenue over time in accordance with meeting our performance obligation but are unable to invoice the customer yet based on the contractual invoicing terms. The contract asset is reclassified to a receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. The table below details the activity in our contract assets during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023. Contract assets are included in Other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024			Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	819,107		$	-
Contract assets recognized		168,822			928,995
Reclassification to Accounts receivable, net		(347,632	)		(109,888	)
Balance at end of period	$	640,297		$	819,107

We recognize a contract liability when we receive consideration, or if we have the unconditional right to receive consideration, in advance of satisfying the performance obligation. A contract liability is our obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which we have received consideration, or an amount of consideration is due from the customer. The table below details the activity in our contract liabilities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023.

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024			Year Ended December 31, 2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	276,944		$	61,508
Additions, net		267,236			2,438,655
Transfer to revenue		(258,901	)		(2,223,219	)
Balance at end of period	$	285,279		$	276,944

Revenue recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the contract liability opening balance was $121,766.

Warranty Reserve

For our software and hardware products, we provide a limited one-year assurance-type warranty and for our development service, we provide no warranties. The assurance-type warranty covers defects in material and workmanship only. If a software or hardware component is determined to be defective after being tested by the Company within the one-year, the Company will repair, replace or refund the price of the covered hardware and/or software to the customer (not including any shipping, handling, delivery or installation charges). We estimate, based upon a review of historical warranty claim experience, the costs that may be incurred under our warranties and record a liability in the amount of such estimate at the time a product is sold. Factors that affect our warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims, and cost per claim. We periodically assess the adequacy of our recorded warranty liability and adjust the accrual as claims data and historical experience warrants. The Company has assessed the costs of fulfilling its existing assurance-type warranties and has determined that the estimated outstanding warranty obligation on June 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023 are immaterial to the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Leases

Under Topic 842, operating lease expense is generally recognized evenly over the term of the lease. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s operating leases consisted of office spaces in Sunnyvale, CA, Marlborough, MA (the “American Robotics Lease”), Waltham, MA (the “Waltham Lease”), and Petah Tikva, Israel (the “Airobotics Leases”).

On January 22, 2021, we entered into a 24-month lease (effective April 1, 2021) with the owner and landlord (the “2021 Gibraltar Lease”), wherein the base rate is $45,000 per month, with a security deposit in the amount of $90,000. On April 1, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Gibraltar Lease to extend the lease through September 30, 2023, wherein the base rate is $65,676 per month. On November 6, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Gibraltar Lease, as amended to further extend the lease through June 30, 2024, wherein the base rate is $68,959 per month.

On August 7, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a 72-month lease agreement with the owner and landlord of office space in Sunnyvale, CA (the “Oakmead Lease”). The Oakmead Lease commenced on October 1, 2023, and is an operating lease through September 30, 2029. Base rent is $77,533 per month, increasing approximately 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $269,428. Base rent is abated during the first twelve months of the term of the lease.

On August 5, 2021, the Company acquired American Robotics and the American Robotics Lease, located in Marlborough, Massachusetts, wherein the base rate is $15,469 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024, with a security deposit of $24,166. On August 19, 2021, American Robotics amended the American Robotics Lease to reduce their space to approximately 10,450 square feet. The amendment reduced their annual base rent to $8,802 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 31, 2024. On November 10, 2023, American Robotics amended the American Robotics Lease, as amended to extend the existing lease term from January 31, 2024 to January 31, 2026 and to relinquish a portion of the leased outdoor space. The annual base rent is $14,586 per month starting February 1, 2024, with an annual increase of 3.5% through January 2026. These facilities also serve as Ondas’ corporate headquarters.

On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space in Waltham, Massachusetts. The Waltham Lease commenced on March 1, 2022, and is scheduled to terminate on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the amount of $104,040.

On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased space, leasehold improvements, and remaining furniture and fixtures in Waltham, Massachusetts through April 30, 2029, the remaining lease term, for $22,920 per month from May 1, 2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029. The sublease is an operating lease. This event indicated that the carrying amount of the right of use asset, leasehold improvements, and remaining furniture and fixtures in Waltham, Massachusetts (the “Asset Group”) may not be recoverable. The Asset Group was tested for recoverability as of December 31, 2023 using the undiscounted cash flows from the sublease and the Company found the Asset Group to be impaired. The Company determined the Level 3 fair value of the Asset Group using the sum of future cash flows from the sublease, discounted to the present value using an assumed discount rate of 10.5%. Based on this valuation, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $1,383,536 related to the right of use asset associated with this Asset Group in Operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in our 2023 Form 10-K. There was no indication of impairment for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

On January 23, 2023, the Company acquired Airobotics and the Airobotics Leases, which includes office space in Petah Tikva, Israel leased according to three different lease agreements. Each agreement is with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and are in effect through December 31, 2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the base rate of the entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month. The expired leases are being accounted for on a month-to-month basis.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at the inception of the arrangement. If we determine that the arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at lease inception, we then determine whether the lease is an operating lease or finance lease. Operating and finance leases result in recording a right of use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For purposes of calculating operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities, we use the non-cancellable lease term plus options to extend that we are reasonably certain to take. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our leases generally do not provide an implicit rate. As such, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This rate is generally consistent with the interest rate we pay on borrowings under our credit facilities, as this rate approximates our collateralized borrowing capabilities over a similar term of the lease payments. We have elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term (12 months or less) leases for any class of underlying assets. We have elected not to separate lease and non-lease components for any class of underlying asset.

Lease Costs

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Components of total lease costs:
Operating lease expense	$	261,831	$	224,425	$	539,312	$	563,707
Common area maintenance expense		149,193		47,771		295,283		91,106
Short-term lease costs ⁽¹⁾		286,221		253,019		567,322		299,971
Total lease costs	$	697,245	$	525,215	$	1,401,917	$	954,784

⁽¹⁾

Represents short-term leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, which are immaterial.

Lease Positions as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023

ROU lease assets and lease liabilities for our operating leases were recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as follows:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Operating lease assets	$	4,235,709	$	4,701,865
Total lease assets	$	4,235,709	$	4,701,865

Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities, current	$	687,507	$	685,099
Operating lease liabilities, net of current		5,637,461		5,800,710
Total lease liabilities	$	6,324,968	$	6,485,809

Other Leases Information

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	458,824		$	571,209

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) – operating lease		4.80			5.33
Weighted average discount rate – operating lease		9.98	%		5.53	%

Undiscounted Leases Cash Flows

Future lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023, for the following five years and thereafter are as follows:

Years ending December 31, ⁽¹⁾
2024	$	350,906
2025		1,796,745
2026		1,652,455
2027		1,568,688
2028		1,616,022
Thereafter		999,204
Total future minimum lease payments	$	7,984,020
Less imputed interest		(1,659,052	)
Total	$	6,324,968

⁽¹⁾

Remaining non-cancellable sublease proceeds for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026 - 2028, and 2029 of $137,520, $412,515, $495,000, and $165,000, respectively, are not included in the table above.

Net Loss Per Common Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders (the numerator) by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for each period (the denominator). Income available to common stockholders shall be computed by deducting the dividends accumulated for the period on cumulative preferred stock (whether or not earned) from net income.

The computation of diluted net loss per share is similar to the computation of basic net loss per share except that the numerator may have to adjust for any dividends and income or loss associated with potentially dilutive securities that are assumed to have resulted in the issuance of shares of Common Stock, and the denominator may have to adjust to include the number of additional shares of Common Stock that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential shares of Common Stock had been issued during the period to reflect the potential dilution that could occur from shares of Common Stock issuable through stock options, warrants, restricted stock units, or convertible preferred stock. For purposes of determining diluted earnings per common share, the treasury stock method is used for stock options, warrants, and restricted stock units, and the if-converted method is used for convertible preferred stock as prescribed in ASC Topic 260. Because of the net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the impact of including this in our computation of diluted net loss per share was anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Warrants to purchase Common Stock		15,831,998		2,366,092
Options to purchase Common Stock		4,949,407		5,095,635
Potential shares issuable under 2022 Convertible Promissory Notes		62,236,724		29,988,136
Potential shares issuable under 2023 Additional Notes		29,565,356		-
Restricted stock units		282,672		749,227
Total potentially dilutive securities		112,866,157		38,199,090

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and accounts receivable. Cash is deposited with a limited number of financial institutions. The balances held at any one financial institution may be in excess of FDIC insurance limits. As of June 30, 2024, the Company was $4,254,049 in excess of FDIC insured limits.

Credit is extended to customers based on an evaluation of their financial condition and other factors. We generally do not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and maintain an allowance for credit losses.

Concentration of Customers

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. Revenue from significant customers, those representing 10% or more of total revenue, was composed of three customers accounting for 67%, 13% and 13% of the Company’s revenue for the three month period ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Revenue from significant customers was composed of three customers accounting for 60%, 15% and 15% of the Company’s revenue for the six month period ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Revenue was composed of two customers accounting for 61% and 28% of the Company’s revenue for the three month period ended June 30, 2023, respectively. Revenue from significant customers was composed of three customers accounting for 42%, 33% and 23% of the Company’s revenue for the six month period ended June 30, 2023, respectively.

Accounts receivable from significant customers, those representing 10% or more of the total accounts receivable, were composed of three customers accounting for 48%, 26%, and 14%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable balance as of June 30, 2024. Three customers accounted for 61%, 22% and 12%, respectively, of the Company’s accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2023.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On September 30, 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Updates (ASU) No. 2022-03, which (1) clarifies existing guidance when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security and (2) introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The ASU clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security. Instead, the contractual sale restriction is a characteristic of the reporting entity. Accordingly, an entity should not consider the contractual sale restriction when measuring the equity security’s fair value. Additionally, the ASU clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this pronouncement as of January 1, 2024 did not have a material impact on our accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, which incorporates 14 of the 27 disclosures referred to by the SEC in their SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, issued on August 17, 2018. The amendments in this ASU modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification and apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected Topics unless otherwise indicated. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively. For public business entities, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company has evaluated the effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2022-03, and it is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for reportable segments. All disclosure requirements under this standard will also be required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The new standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, “Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets”, which amends and enhances the disclosure requirements for crypto assets. The new requirements will be effective for public business entities for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company has evaluated the effects of the adoption of ASU No. 2022-08, and it is not expected to have an impact on the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires companies to provide disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The new requirements will be effective for public business entities for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently assessing the impact of adopting this standard on the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.